Comparative Analysis of the Economics of Crop Cultivation under the Poly House and Open Field Conditions in Rajasthan

The results revealed that the total cost incurred in the crop cultivation under polyhouse conditions was higher than open field conditions for all three crops. The share of the total variable cost was more than 65 percent for the three crops in each condition and was slightly higher under open field conditions, while the share of fixed costs was higher in the total cost of cultivation for the crops grown under polyhouse. On the other hand, returns obtained from polyhouse cultivation were observed more than the returns obtained from open field conditions. For all the crops, net returns were more than double when grown in polyhouses, which suggested a profitable situation for the crops grower under polyhouse. Returns per rupee were again higher for the cucumber, tomato, and chilli grown under polyhouse conditions with values 2.17, 2.12, and 2.21, respectively, than in open field conditions amounting to 2.11, 1.96, and 1.82 correspondingly. To reap these benefits associated with polyhouse cultivation, marginal and small farmers can go for cooperative farming. Regular training and extension services areto be made available to the young entrepreneurs and farmers to impart information about the technical know-how of the growing crops under protective technologies

ECONOMICS OF TRADITIONAL CATTLE PRODUCTION IN THE NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA OF NIGERIA

A survey to determine the economics of traditional cattle production among agropastoralists was carried out in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The survey covered 75 agropastoral households grouped into three categories viz: CI, CII and CIII for livestock activities and two groups GP1 and GP2 for cropping activities. The analytical framework used in the study include simple gross margin and multiple regression analysesResults of the study indicated that 66.67% of the respondents have lived in the study area for up to five years. Total variable cost (TVC) varied with the size of herd. TVC averaged N958.72/LU for CI, N818.48/LU for CII and N561.29/LU for CIII. The agropastoralits were making some profit in both livestock and cropping actiVities. Gross margin/LU averaged N967.28/LU N1,118.93/LU and N1,344.93/LU for farmers in CI, CII and CIII, respectively. The gross margins in cropping activities were N372.24/ha for GP1 and N480.18/ha for GP2. Inputs identified in cattle production were relevant in explaining variations in output. There was a decreasing return to scale in cattle production. There was also an inverse relationship between unit cost of production and size of herd. The above results indicated that a substantial increase in the income of the farmers was possible. This could be achieved through integrated crop/livestock productionproper herd management and adequate provision of supplementary feed for dry season cattle production.

Profitability analysis of goat marketing in Ado Ekiti metropolis, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Profitability of a livestock business has a great influence on its sourcing, distribution and sustainability. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the profitability of goat enterprise. A total of sixty respondents were randomly selected from two major markets in Ado-Ekiti metropolis (Shasha and Oja-Oba markets). Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire coupled with personal interview on socio economic characteristics of the respondents, cost and returns from goat marketing. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgeting analysis. The results on socio economic characteristics showed that goat marketers were predominantly married (63.3%) and relatively old (with a mean age of 58 years) in the study area. Profitability of a livestock business has a great influence on its sourcing, distribution and sustainability. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the profitability of goat enterprise. A total of sixty respondents were randomly selected from two major markets in Ado-Ekiti metropolis (Shasha and Oja-Oba markets). Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire coupled with personal interview on socio economic characteristics of the respondents, cost and returns from goat marketing. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgeting analysis. The results on socio economic characteristics showed that goat marketers were predominantly married (63.3%) and relatively old (with a mean age of 58 years) in the study area. The costs and returns analysis showed that mean Total Variable Cost (TVC) incurred in the marketing of goats per annum was N489, 700.00 while the mean Total Revenue (TR) was N720, 000.00 and the mean Gross Margin (GM) per seller was N230,300.00. The results implied that goat marketing in the study area is a profitable business involving both young and old, male and female, educated and illiterate.

ANALISIS MUTU DAN EKONOMI PENERAPAN PENGEMASAN VAKUM BAWANG DAUN POTONGAN (Allium fistulosum L.) SELAMA PENYIMPANAN

This study aimed to analyze leeks packaging and without packaging during storage, and to analyze economical packaging and knowing the number of breakeven points obtained. This study uses an experimental method, and descriptive analysis of data consisting of 2 treatments and 3 replications, namely scallions which are vacuum packed, and leeks without packaging that are stored in a refrigerator with a temperature of 5-10˚C.From the results of research on quality analysis of changes in weight, color and texture showed that the vacuum packaged onions at a storage temperature of 5˚C – 10˚C gave the best results over a 14-day shelf life compared to unpacked leeks which only lasted for a shelf life of 6 days. Weight reduction occurred in the treatment without packaging by 44%. The total fixed cost is Rp.219,625 /Year, the total variable cost is Rp.5,519 per package, with a yearly production of 24,300 packs /Year, to obtain the selling price of vacuum packaging leeks of Rp.6,080 per package, and the break-even analysis results in get is 392 packaging /Year.Keywords : Leeks, Vacuum Packaging, Storage Time

Management of agribusiness enterprise-an analysis of sheep rearing in Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka state

The present study was conducted in Bagepalli taluk of Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka state to analyse the backward and forward linkages in sheep rearing; to assess the financial viability of sheep rearing and to identify the constraints in sheep rearing. The primary data for the study was collected from 40 sheep rearers. Majority of the sample sheep rearers used their own money realised from horticultural and agricultural crops for investing in sheep enterprise while some of them, especially women borrowed credit from SHGs. The family members met the labour requirements of sheep rearing. Chelur sheep shandy was the only sheep market located in Bagepalli taluk. It is a popular weekly shandy held every Friday where sheep is traded in large numbers. The total cost incurred and the gross returns realised per annum for rearing a flock size of 61 sheep was Rs. 1,59,577/ - and Rs. 2,74,788/-, respectively, resulting in a net returns of Rs. 1,15,211/-. Among the variable costs, labour was the major cost accounting for about 83 per cent of the total variable cost. The sale of adult sheep accounted for about 75 per cent of the gross returns followed by sale of lambs (18.76%), sale of manure (4.13%), sale of meat (1.95%), etc. At 12 per cent discount rate, the NPW, BCR and IRR were found to be Rs. 3,56,943.40/-, 1.72 and 53.77per cent, respectively, indicating the financially viability of sheep rearing. Scarcity of water and exploitation by middlemen were the major constraints faced by sheep rearers.

Resource use Efficiency in Groundnut Production in Punjab: An Economic Analysis

The study was conducted to measure resource use efficiency of groundnut cultivation in the Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. The primary data for 2017-18 were collected from 60 farmers comprising of small farmers 32, 14 medium and large farmers 14 from three villages of Bhunga block of Hoshiarpur district. On an average total variable cost per acre in production of groundnut crop was estimated to be`11553.20. The returns over variable costs were found to be`4949.17, 6725.68 and 10828.16 for small, medium and large farmers respectively. The results of the Cobb-Douglas production function revealed that the regression coefficients of seed and pesticides had a positive and significant influence on returns from groundnut production while the coefficient of machine usage showed the reciprocated results. The coefficients of multiple determinations indicated that 41.40, 18.20, 41.40 and 46.10 percent variation in crop yield among the classified categories. On an average, the ratios of marginal value productivity (MVP) and marginal factor cost (MFC) of seed were found to be more than unity which revealed the underutilization of these inputs whereas, in case of pesticide and machine usage the ratios were turned out to be less than unity signifying the over-utilization of inputs.

Minimally Invasive CABG or Hybrid Coronary Revascularization for Multivessel Coronary Diseases: Which Is Best? A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

Objectives: Minimally invasive coronary revascularization (MICR) involves minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB) and robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting (RCABG), and hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) aims to combine MICR/RCABG on left anterior descending (LAD) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) on non-LAD lesions. We performed a systematic review and metaanalysis to compare clinical outcome after MICR and HCR. Methods: A metaanalysis was carried out through searching PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Medline for comparative studies evaluating the primary and secondary clinical end points. Results: A systematic literature search identified 8 observational studies that satisfied our inclusion criteria, including being suitable for metaanalysis; the studies were between 1990 and 2018 and included 1084 cases of HCR and 2349 cases of MICR. Metaanalysis of these studies showed that HCR was associated with a reduced need for ICU LOS (WMD –11.46 hours, 95% CI, –18.76 ~ –4.25, P = .02), to hospital time (WMD –1.34 hours, 95% CI, –2.42 to 0.26, P < .01), and blood transfusion (OR 0.43, 95% CI, 0.31-0.59, P < .00001) than MICR. Comparisons of individual components showed no significant difference in terms of in-hospital mortality, MACCE, shock, myocardial infarction (MI), long-term survival, total variable cost, and surgical complications (including renal failure, chest drainage, bleeding). Conclusions: HCR was noninferior to MICR in terms of in-hospital mortality, MACCE, shock, MI, long-term survival, total variable cost, and surgical complications (including renal failure, chest drainage, bleeding), whereas HCR was associated with a reduced need for ICU LOS, hospital time, and blood transfusion than MICR and less infection than MICR. Further randomized studies are warranted to corroborate these observational data.

Cost of Cultivation and Profitability Situation of Cowpea Vegetable in Dindori District of Madhya Pradesh under Tejaswini Rural Woman Empowerment Programme

Under the Rural Women’s Empowerment Programme, this Programme is being conducted in 41 villages by Tejaswini Nari Chetna Mahila Sangh. Under which work is being strengthened by establishing self help groups and connecting them with the schemes of governance. For this study, the total beneficiary (85) and non-beneficiary (85) have been selected from the total (170) agricultural women from Dindori district. The cost of barbati production and the income generated from it has been done comparatively with the beneficiary and non-beneficiary. The total cost per acre in Barbati production has been increased by 3.83% compared to non-beneficiary whereas the total variable cost-14.48% has been found. Production cost to produce quintal for Barbati Total crop production cost respectively - 30.51 and -15.64 percent beneficiary has been found to be lower than non-beneficiary. While net income has received 44.93 percent more on the cost of total farming. As a result, the per-investment income is 23.36 percent more beneficiary than the non-beneficiary.

Effect of Farmers – Herdsmen Crisis on Yam Production in Southern Agricultural Zone of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The study analyzed effect of crisis on yam production in Southern Agricultural Zone, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; determine the effect of socio-economic variables on yam production, determine the factors affecting yam production, and to compare the gross margin of yam production before and after crisis in the study area. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted for this study and a total of sixty (60) respondents were sampled for this study. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics which involves use frequency, percentages and the gross margin analysis. The study revealed that before the conflict the total variable cost was 233,288.4 while after the conflict, the total variable cost was 172310. The study conclude that price of fertilizer was doubled after conflict thereby reducing production. The result shows that 17.6% of the respondent’s stopped producing yam because of the fear of conflict. And also, there was a reduction in food production between the period of the conflicts and peaceful disposition. The study therefore recommend that government should develop policies and strategies to curtail future occurrence of crisis among farmers and herdsmen, and focus more on giving incentives to farmers and subsidy on farm inputs such as fertilizer, improved varieties, chemicals among others to boost food crop production, farmers income level and to ensure maximum security on lives and properties of prospective citizens and farmers.

Economics of Black gram cultivation and its impact on farmers livelihood in two selected districts of Bangladesh

The present study is an attempt to assess the existing agronomic practices of black gram cultivation, its impact on farmers livelihood and constraints of black gram production and marketing. Primary data from 85 farmers were collected during February to March 2016 through face to face interviews. Descriptive statistics and Garret ranking method were used to analyze the data. The majority of the farmers had sown seeds during the last week of September to first week of October. The average seed rate was found to be 19.36 kg per hectare which indicated that all farm households used below recommended dose of seeds (35-40 kg/ha). The average yield of black gram was found higher than the national average. The average net income was observed to be Tk. 26990 and Tk. 19845 in Sherpur and Jamalpur respectively. The average gross margin was observed to be Tk. 37629 on total variable cost basis. It was also found that average returns to labour was Tk. 1000/man-day in Sherpur and Tk. 692/man-day in Jamalpur district respectively. It was also observed that all kinds of livelihood assets of the selected farmers increased significantly through black gram farming. The results revealed that the main constraints faced by black gram grower were lack of irrigation facility, non availability of HYV seeds, low output price, labour scarcity, lack of knowledge about improved varieties with their production technology, excessive rainfall after flowering and weak research-extension farmers linkage etc. Farmers also faced some marketing related problems such as limited buyers, price instability, lack of storage facilities and high market toll. Farmers cultivated black gram because of higher yield, higher income, and easy growing. SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 83-96 (2018)