Psychoanalysis: from clinical medicine to clinical anthropology

Psychoanalysis has met highly emotional resistance since its very inception in the late 19th century. A year never passes without somebody proclaiming the death of psychoanalysis. Despite such tendency, psychoanalysis is far from its decline. It is gathering new endorsers rapidly and is enhancing its positions in new geographical and cultural contexts. This article explores the possible origins of such resistance in the Russian mental health field. The author suggests that it is caused first and foremost by disciplinary discrepancies one may observe by studying the discrepancies between medical and psychoanalytical semiotics as a foundational method of the disciplines. Such view allows to explicate some problematic issues and conflicts in the Russian mental healthcare community, as well as to suggest what holds it back from obtaining significant public influence.

Correlations of teleradiographic parameters of teeth location determined by the methods of Bjork, Jarabak and Sassouni with the parameters of the upper and lower jaws in young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion

Annotation. Determining the characteristics of certain indicators within a certain population, the relationship between certain anatomical structures and parameters of the human body is one of the key tasks of clinical anthropology. Identifying the nature, strength and direction of the interdependencies of such indicators is a key element not only for understanding human nature but also for solving clinical, including dental problems today. The aim of the study was to establish in Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion the peculiarities of correlations of teleradiographic parameters of tooth location determined by Bjork, Jarabak and Sassouni methods with parameters of upper and lower jaws and tooth location. Teleradiography in the mode of cephalometric examination was performed for 49 young men and 76 young women with orthognathic occlusion. Cephalometric analysis was performed using OnyxCeph³™ software, 3DPro version, Image Instruments GmbH, Germany (software license URSQ-1799). Correlation assessment was performed in the license package “Statistica 6.0” using the non-parametric Spearman method. In young men and young women, the features of multiple correlations of teleradiographic parameters of the upper and lower jaws with the parameters of the location of the teeth determined by the methods of CFT-Bjork, Roth-Jarabak and Sassouni. As a result of quantitative analysis of significant correlations between teleradiographic parameters of the upper and lower jaws with the parameters of the location of the teeth found: CFT-Bjork in young men 46.9 %, of which 5.4 % straight strong, 18.5 % straight medium and 2.3 % straight weak and 2.3 % reversible strong, 16.2 % reversible medium strength and 2.3 % reverse weak, and young women – 38.5 %, of which, 2.3 % direct strong, 15.4 % direct medium strength and 6.2 % direct weak and 0.8 % reverse strong, 7.7 % reverse medium strength and 6.2 % of reversible weak; according to the Roth-Jarabak method, 36.2 % of young men, 6.6 % of direct strong, 11.8 % of direct medium strength and 2.6 % of direct weak and 2.6 % of reverse strong, 11.8 % of reverse of medium strength and 0.7 % of reverse weak, and young women – 44.7 %, of which, 3.9 % direct strong, 15.1 % direct medium strength and 7.2 % direct weak and 0.7 % reverse strong, 8.6 % reverse medium strength and 9.2 % reverse weak; according to the Sassouni method, 42.8 % of young men have all medium-strength, and 42.8 % of young women have, of which 35.7 % have medium-strength and 7.1 % have weak straight. Manifestations of sexual dimorphism of the received correlations are established only between the indicators defined by CFT-Bjork and Roth-Jarabak methods.

Types of morphofunctional structure of human body and possibilities of their using in ophthalmic research

The review analyzes literature data's on main issues related to clinical anthropology, which studies the individual typological variability of phenotype and biopsychological characteristics of patient's personality, taking into account differentiating factors to assess their clinical, pathogenetic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance. It is shown that using special tools and scales, clinical anthropology allows you to determine the quantitative and qualitative phenotypic characteristics of patient, the morphophenotype of constitution, its age, sex, normal and pathological variability in relation to clinical manifestations of the disease. The importance and prospects of using anthropometric research methods in clinical medicine to maximize individualization of approaches to diagnosis and treatment of various pathologies of body are shown. Key words: clinical anthropology, human constitution, somatotype, anthropometry.

Anthroponutritiology as New Scientific Area

The modern personalized medicine using in its toolkit high-tech methods of diagnostic and treatment bases on accomplishments of scientists in many directions and one of the most important is the Anthropology. On top of trends Clinical Anthropology has as a field of research the study of consistent patterns and definition varieties of the typological alterability of the organization of the human body and its parts. Due to the current-day approaches developed mostly in the Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology the Anthropology brings to the Nutritiology the information about individual distinctions of physical and nutritional status of humans considering of somatotypological variability, age, sex and other factors. Anthropological view brings to specialists standards and norms of the somatic growth which differentiated with the consideration of age-and-sex groups and of stature’s type (somatic type). In turn, the capabilities of Nutritiology and Dietology (dietotherapy, patient-specific nutrition and etc) could assure the correction of the image, nutritional status, many of anthropometric figures. Submitted data show different levels of morbidity, specific clinical character of the state of different diseases, including alimentary diseases, in different somatic type groups. The efficiency of the dietetic therapy for some alimentary diseases (alimentary obesity) also is dissimilar in groups of the different somatic types that means personify patient-specific statical demand for each person. Adducted materials point out the existence of close affinity and crosstalk between scientific disciplines – Anthropology and Nutritiology. No less, mentioned materials allow to recommend widespread use of anthropomorphic method in clinical practice providing individual attitude for the patient.

Study of canthal index in Nepalese undergraduate medical students of BPKIHS, Nepal: gender and ethnic differences

Background: Craniofacial anthropometry is a technique used in both physical and clinical anthropology comprising precise and systematic measurements of the human skull. It also includes measurement of the medial and lateral canthal distances. People of different genetic background subjected to significantly different environmental influences have different craniofacial morphology.Objectives: To find out effect of gender and ethnicity on Canthal anthropometry.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to determine and compare canthal anthropometry among 299 undergraduate students (Male=161, Female=138) of different ethnic groups (Indo-Nepalese, indigenous and Tibeto-Nepalese) of age group 19-21 years at BPKIHS. Medial and lateral canthal distances were measured by using straight vernier caliper and canthal index (medial canthal distances / lateral canthal distance × 100) for all three ethnic groups in both sexes were compared.Results: The study has shown that the female students had higher canthal index than male students (27.65±12.35 vs 23.96±5.76). When compared on the basis of ethnicity, Indo-Nepalese had highest value of canthal index followed by Indigenous and Tibeto-Nepalese.Conclusion: In conclusion, genetics and environmental factors are responsible for the variation in canthal indices and other craniofacial indices between and within populations. Therefore, its standard values are largely applicable for clinical assessment of patients with syndrome affecting canthal anatomy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i2.11231Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 2, Issue 8, Apr.-Jun., 2014Page: 78-81

Conception of clinical anthropology in medicine

Historic retrospective of development of integral approach to medicine has been stated. Some result and systematization of multiple investigations on the problem «constitution and illness» has been summarized. New data has been introduced about absence of tropism of schizophrenia, peptic ulcer, cerebrovascular diseases to definite constitution type. In this association contemporary images about human constitution have been formulated. Theoretic bases of coming-to-be of integrative anthropology have been considered in native medicine and psychology; its sections have been distinguished. Definitions, principles and methods of clinical anthropology have been given and its value for medicine has been considered including medical education.