Combat Lesion in Triceratops: Histological and Chemical Diagnosis

In the collective imagination derived from scientific and popular literature, Triceratops often faced each other in combat. Thus, from the second half of the twentieth century, these ceratopsids were described as pugnacious animals. This arises primarily from the interpretation of extracranial fenestrae in ceratopsids being the result of combat trauma. However, the diagnosis of the traumatic nature of these anatomical variants of their neck frill requires evidence of bone healing and remodelling by microscopy analysis. Here, we present the case of the Triceratops horridus known as Big John, which is one of the largest specimens discovered in the Hell Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous; MT, USA). Its right squamosal bone shows an extrafenestra with irregular margins and signs of inflammation. Microscopy analysis revealed newly formed and healing bone, with histological signs typical of the bone remodelling phase. Chemical analysis revealed sulphur that was derived from glucosaminoglycans and sulphated glycoproteins of the preosseous osteoid substance present in the healing phases of a bone trauma. Histological and microanalytical analyses confirm that the squamosal fenestra of Big John is the result of a traumatic event, which might indeed have occurred during combat with another Triceratops.

Detecting Bone Lesions in The Emergency Room With Medical Infrared Thermography

Introduction: Low to high-energy impact trauma may cause from small fissures up to extended bone losses, which can be classified as closed or opened injuries (when they are visible at a naked eye). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of clinical diagnosis of bone trauma through medical infrared thermography, in a hospital emergency room. Methods: Forty-five patients with suspected diagnosis of bone fracture were evaluated by means of medical infrared images, and the data correlated to the gold standard radiographic images, in the anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views, at the orthopedic emergency department. The control group consisted of thermal images of the contralateral reference limb of the volunteers themselves. Data were acquired with a medical grade infrared camera in the regions of interest (ROIs) of leg, hand, forearm, clavicle, foot, and ankle. Results: In all patients evaluated with a diagnosis of bone fracture, the mean temperature of the affected limb showed a positive difference greater than 0.9 °C (towards the contralateral), indicating the exact location of the bone trauma according, while the areas diagnosed with reduced blood supply, showed a mean temperature with a negative variation. Conclusion: Clinical evaluation using infrared imaging indicates a high applicability potential as a tool to support quick diagnosis of bone fractures in patients with acute orthopedic trauma in an emergency medical setting. The thermal results showed important physiological data related to vascularization of the bone fracture and areas adjacent to the trauma well correlated to radiographic examinations.

Analysis of Clinical Effect of Arthroscopic Minimally Invasive Surgery on Patients with Knee Joint Bone Trauma

To study and analyze the clinical effect of arthroscopic minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of knee joint trauma. Methods: A total of 80 patients with knee joint bone trauma who were treated in our hospital from July 2018 to July 2019 were selected as the research objects, and randomly divided into observation group and control group. Patients in the control group were treated in the conventional way, patients in the observation group were treated with arthroscopic minimally invasive surgery, and the treatment effect, neer score and complications of the two groups were compared. Result: The treatment efficiency of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05); the neer score of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05); the number of complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05), the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: The application of arthroscopic minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of knee joint trauma patients has significant effect, improve the treatment effect, the number of patients with complications is lower, with higher safety, which is worth promoting in clinical treatment.

Clinical and immunological studies of humoral factors of inflammation and regeneration in patients with injuries of the frontal and basal area

The authors conducted clinical and immunological research on the identification of сytokine factors of inflammation and regeneration in patients with frontal bone trauma (29) and practically healthy donors (11). Factors of inflammation (interleukin-1β, γ-interferon), anti-inflammation and regeneration (interleukin-34 and transforming growth factor – TGF-1β) were determined in the blood serum by ELISA. It was found that the content of the factor of regeneration decreases and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines increase in the blood serum of the patients with frontal traumas with frontal sinus damage.

Effect of Anti-Infective Reconstituted Bone Xenograft Combined with External Fixator on Serum CRP and PCT Levels and Prognosis of Patients with Bone Infection after Lower Extremity Long Bone Trauma

Bone infection is one of the common complications of orthopedic surgery. After bone trauma occurs in the human body, the infection of Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria into the fracture area can lead to double infection of the soft tissue and bone tissue at the fracture site, leading to a variety of complications, mostly in the lower extremities. Bone infection easily causes bone destruction, bone nonunion, and bone defect, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. The traditional treatment method of bone infection is to control the infection first and then repair the bone graft, but this method has a long course, poor efficacy, and high disability rate. In this study, anti-infective reconstituted bone xenograft (ARBX) combined with external fixation was used to treat patients with posttraumatic bone infections of the long bones of the lower extremities, to explore its efficacy, and to analyze its effects on serum CRP, PCT levels, and prognosis. Our results showed that ARBX combined with the external fixator had a good effect on the treatment of patients with bone infection after lower extremity long bone trauma, which could effectively enhance the repair and functional recovery of the limb bone, significantly alleviate the infection degree of patients, reduce the inflammatory response of the body, and have a good prognosis.

Results of assessment of oral acid-base balance in patients with mandibular fractures combined with periodontal pathology

Aim. To estimate the condition of acid-main balance of oral cavity in patients with fracture of the mandible in combination with parodontal pathology.Material and methods. 40 patients with fractures of the mandible in combination with parodontal pathology were observed in the study. They were divided into three groups. Patients of the first group had a fracture of the mandible in combination with chronic periodontitis. Patients of the second group had fractures of the mandible and chronic gingivitis. Patients of the third group had no bone-traumatic damages and parodontal pathology.Results and discussion. The activity of the parodontal microflora of the oral cavity in patients with the bone trauma of the mandible in combination with periodontitis is higher and characterizes the quick response component of the acid-main balance regulation in the oral cavity.Conclusion. Lingual raid is the main reservoir of oral microflora and its role under existing bone-traumatic damage on the background of parodontal pathology in maintaining microbiocenosis not only increases but also becomes the factor of destabilization regenerators processes at fracture of the mandible.