Bovine Visceral Schistosomosis Caused By Schistosoma Indicum in Migrant Cattle Slaughtered at Chennai City, Southern India

One hundred and eighty mesentery samples of cattle were collected during a period of October 2019- March 2020 for screening visceral schistosomosis from Perambur slaughter house, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Schistosoma indicum was identified in eleven mesenteries of Nellore breed of cattle based on morphology and worm number varied from 1-114 per mesentry. Molecular confirmation based on 16s RNA revealed it to be S. indicum. It was found that the infection of S. indicum in cattle was first report in Tamil Nadu in last two decades. The slaughtered cattle originated from neighboring states especially Andhrapradesh. The tract of infection needs to be traced accordingly for future control strategies. Awareness must be created among the livestock farmers to prevent production loss due to S. indicum infection while purchasing cattle from neighboring states within India.

SINGLE AND MIXED BLOOD PROTOZOA INFECTION WITH ANAPLASMA AND THEILERIA IN BUFFALOES (BUBALUS BUBALIS ) IN BAGHDAD - IRAQ

One hundred & six blood smears from buffaloes, slaughtered at Al- Futhaliya slaughter house in Baghdad, were examined. Ages of buffaloes ranged from 6 months to 10 years. Numbers of positive blood smears were 48 (45.28%), of them only one showed clinical signs. Single, double, and triple protozoal infections with Anaplasma centrali , Anaplasma marginale, and Theileria annulata, were found. The most common type of infection was the Anaplasma marginale (22.64%), while Anaplasma centrali and Anaplasma centrali + Theileria annulata (0.94%) each. This investigation confirmed the presence of Anaplasma centrali infection in buffaloes for the first time.

Effect of polymorphism of Insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) (A4366G) on slaughter characteristics in unproductive Kebumen Ongole Grade cows

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>Kebumen Ongole Grade (Kebumen OG) are known as good performance cattle with body weight and body measurement higher than National Standard of Ongole Grade cattle. Productivity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. <em>Insulin-induced gene-1</em> (<em>INSIG1</em>) gene is one of many genes that are considered important in influencing carcass characteristics and playing an important role in lipid metabolism (adipogenesis and or lipogenesis). So, the aim of this study was to identify of SNP A4366G in <em>INSIG1</em> gene and associated with slaughter characteristics of unproductive Kebumen OG cows.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study used 44 unproductive Kebumen OG cows from slaughter house in Kebumen. Slaughter characteristics contain of slaughter weight, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage. Three milliliters of blood samples were collected from <em>vena jugularis</em>. DNA were extracted from blood samples using salting out method. Genotyping of <em>INSIG1</em> gene (A4366G) used PCR-RFLP method with <em>Taq</em>I restriction enzyme. Genetic diversity data in this study were allele and genotype frequencies, heterozygosity, PIC and HWE. Association of genotypes of <em>INSIG1</em> gene with slaughter characteristics were analyzed using ANOVA univariate model.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>Polymorphic of <em>INSIG1</em> (A4366G) gene was found in the unproductive Kebumen OG cows. Three variants of genotypes (AA, AG, GG) with two alleles (A and G) were found with allele frequencies 0.795 for G allele. The population was in equilibrium genetic. Association of slaughter characteristics with genotypes were not significant (p&gt;0.05).<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Polymorphic of <em>INSIG1</em> gene (A4366G) was found in unproductive Kebumen OG cows population with dominant of G allele. The population was in genetic equilibrium. The association of slaughter characteristics with genotype of <em>INSIG1</em> gene (SNP A4366G) was not significant.</p>

Sequential three-step process for the treatment of slaughter house wastewater and its optimization using response surface modeling studies

The rapid growth in the world population and fast developing industrialization have resulted in the acceleration of environmental pollution due to inadequate treatment methods accompanied by depletion of freshwater. The current research focused on the batch treatment of slaughter house wastewater (SWW) using the sequential three-step electro-coagulation (EC)–electro-oxidation (EO)–adsorption column (AC) processes and to compare the optimized values with the Omani National Standards for the application in irrigation purpose. The characterization of SWW before and after treatment was carried out by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4–N) and conductivity. The optimization of the treatment processes was performed by response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design. The maximum response obtained using EC unit was 99% with an operating cost of 2.78 USD/m3. The optimum treatment conditions in EC method were found to be 4.0 pH, electrolysis time of 30 min and electrolyte dosage of 5 g/L, with a current density of 18.11 mA/cm2. The maximum reduction in COD was 97% with an operating cost 0.32 USD/m3. The optimum COD reduction in EO method was 84.5% with an operating cost of 6.87 USD/m3. The optimum process parameters in the EO process were observed at 5.0 pH, 56.22 min electrolysis time with 5 g/L electrolyte dosage and a current density of 5 mA/cm2. The response shows 56.27% reduction in COD with an operating cost of 0.088 USD/m3. The study demonstrates that both EC and EO processes for the reduction of COD have a significant effect on the current density. Using adsorption column (AC) studies, the maximum reduction in COD was 76.8% with negligible operating cost. The optimum pH in the case of AC was 7.5, with an effluent flow rate of 8.63 mL/min, and the responses were found to be 76.067%, which indicates both pH and flow rate have significant effect on the % removal of COD.

Prevalence of Fasciola spp. Among Slaughtered Livestock in Zakho City, Duhok Governorate - Iraq

Fascioliasis is one of the most common neglected zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola species. The current study was conducted during January to December 2019,in which five districts were selected in various parts of Duhok governorates which differ in their environmental and geographical conditions they included: Duhok city, Zakho, Shelidiza, Aqrah and Bardarash. Each slaughter house was visited once monthly to determine the rate of fascioliasis among domestic animals; cattle, sheep and goats. The infected livers were examined grossly and the bile duct and gall bladder were inspected for the presence of Fasciola species, the work was performed in Parasitology Laboratory, Biology Dept., Faculty of Science, Zakho University. Fascioliasis was diagnosed in 2.0% (195/9757) of total slaughtered livestock, with the highest rate of infection in cattle which was 3.27% (66/2021), followed by sheep 1.76% (122/6932) and the lowest in goats 0.87% (7/804). Slightly higher prevalence rate from positive cases was found in local livestock compared to imported one (2.10% versus 1.88%). According to gender, males showed higher prevalence than females (2.08% versus 1.08%). Regarding Fasciola species, among sheep and goats; the prevalence of F. hepatica was higher than Fasciola gigantica. While among cattle, F. gigantica was the most common species. With respect to parasite burden, the heaviest burden was recorded in 38.46% (20-100 flukes/liver) of slaughtered livestock with the heaviest being in sheep (55.74%), followed by goats (71.43%) while lightest burden was recorded in cattle in 62.12% (1-10 flukes/liver). Most of the liver flukes were recovered from the bile ducts (67.69 %), followed by gall bladder (21.54%) and the least (10.77%) from both the bile ducts and gall bladder.

Cleavage Rate of in vitro Matured Oocytes Fertilized with Conventional Semen in Buffaloes

Background: In vitro embryo production in buffaloes has gained much importance in this current scenario due to ever increasing population and high demand of milk and meat. Slaughter house derived bubaline ovaries are a cheap and abundant source of cumulus oocyte complexes.Methods: Oocytes from the buffalo ovarian follicles were recovered by aspiration technique as it facilitates quick recovery. Total 155 ovaries were used in the present study. Surface follicles were measured using vernier calliper and categorized into three groups viz. less than 3 mm, 3-5 mm and greater than 5 mm based on follicular diameter and oocytes were processed for IVM, IVF and IVC using conventional non sorted semen.Result: Overall percentage of small, medium and large follicles in the ovaries were recorded as 16.29 ± 0.94%, 8.14±0.60%, 5.35 ± 0.76%, respectively. Overall recovery rate of COCs was 38%. The percentage of these oocytes were 16.74% (A), 15.25% (B), 25.26% (C), 18.33% (D) and 29.87% (E) respectively. Maturation rate of oocytes were 81.96 ± 2.70%. Fertilization rate was 74.98 ± 3.87%, Cleavage rate % was 40.84±2.51% and Blastocyst percentage was 21.57±1.75% respectively. Application of in vitro embryo production technique using slaughter house ovaries can salvage the genetic potential of bubaline species.

Assessment of meat demand: A case study in the University of Ibadan for beef enterprise

Poor adherence to food safety and wholesome practices in meat processing and handling is a common phenomenon in some public abattoirs in Nigeria. The quality of beef consumed by the University community is an issue of concern. Information on the extent of beef patronage has not been documented. Thus, beef demand at the University of Ibadan abattoir was assessed. Ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections by the University Veterinarian were performed on slaughter days from January 2013 to April 2015. The data collected were customer: day of purchase, Department/Unit, sex and rank. The quantity demanded and the parts requested were also noted. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that a total of 22,884 contacts were recorded. An increase in patronage from 42.24% in 2013 to 57.76% in 2014 was evident. Women (53.60%) requested for meat than male counterpart. The requests for 1-2kg, 2-4kg and above 4kg at a time were 58.9%, 19.1% and 10.0% respectively. For the day of purchase, the patronage was higher on Fridays (59.20%) as compared to Wednesdays. The last week of the month attracted higher demand (36.20%) than weeks 1 (21.0%), 2 (22.3%) and 3 (20.5%). A noticeable increase in demand was during festive periods. A high percentage occurred in the number of customers that specified the actual parts (63.5%) of the meat requested and those that did not while females specified more (57.82%) than males. Highest preference for special parts was observed among the Professors (45%). More patronage was observed for people at closer Departments/Unit to the abattoir. It may be concluded that day of slaughter, proximity to slaughter house, sex, status and special occasions are vital factors that affect beef demand enterprise in the University of Ibadan.