GLOBAL MOTIVATIONS AND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

The natural and geographical, resource, economic and environmental conditions, global motivations, key trends, specific features of formation and prospects for aquaculture development are researched. It is emphasized that fishing and aquaculture have a special place in solving the global food problem, while significantly affecting the aquatic environment. The interdisciplinary nature of scientific research in the conceptual format of fisheries economics, management of marine ecosystems, aquaculture, green and blue technologies are illustrated. The positioning of fisheries and aquaculture in the format of global problems of mankind and sustainable development in terms of environmentally irresponsible use of bioresources, especially the World Ocean is made, attention is focused on the potentially catastrophic consequences of its pollution, the problem of restoring fish stocks based on climate change is emphasized. The economic, ecological and social expediency of accelerated development of aquaculture, its institutional, functional and organizational-regulatory separation in the structure of global fisheries is substantiated, considering its complexity and inter-sectoral diversification, the author's model of aquaculture is proposed with classification identification of its categories (internal natural, artificial and combined reservoirs and marine, coastal and combined areas), types (with and without feed), species (bony fish, crustaceans, mollusks, other aquatic animals, algae), and consumer products (food, non-food, dual use). The scale, structure and dynamics of aquaculture development have been identified and assessed, and its growing importance in global fisheries has been confirmed. The analysis of the regional structure of aquaculture production by continents is carried out, its distribution by categories and species in Asia, North and South America, Europe, Africa and Oceania is characterized. The special leadership status of China in the global production of aquaculture products is illustrated. It is confirmed that aquaculture is becoming the main source of human fish consumption. The key trends in the development of aquaculture in the European Union have been identified and assessed. The special features of the formation of the relevant market are described. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the scale of aquaculture production only in Norway is comparable to the aggregate indicator of the EU countries. The volumes and structure of aquaculture financing from the budget of the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund are analyzed. Using Spearman's correlation ranks, the peculiarities of aquaculture consumption in terms of volume and price characteristics are studied. The conclusions of the research are substantiated, which confirm the hypothesis of perspective prospects of aquaculture advanced development using the modern innovative technologies and the effective system of its global regulation.

Sources and Impact of Microplastic Pollution in Indian Aquatic Ecosystem: A Review

Microplastics are major pollutant distributed widely throughout the Indian marine and freshwater are posing a significant risk to living organisms. World economic forum’s estimation, the world’s oceans will be filled with more plastics than fishes by weight by 2050. The extreme production and use of plastics being lead to plastic waste disposal, and the plastic degrade to microplastic. The growing amount of microplastics will continue to increase microplastic pollution in aquatic environments. Today, it is a major environmental problem because microplastics are less than 5 mm in size and associated with other pollutants that can be accumulated on the body to make health problems and lead to death. Microplastics are directly ingested by organisms from polluted water or indirectly through the contaminated food web. The effects of microplastics are wide-ranging, impacting marine life, fisheries, economics, tourism, plants, marine aesthetics, and human health. This paper review focuses on the microplastic sources, pollution, and its impact in the Indian aquatic environment.

Defining the economic scope for ecosystem-based fishery management

The emergence of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) has broadened the policy scope of fisheries management by accounting for the biological and ecological connectivity of fisheries. Less attention, however, has been given to the economic connectivity of fisheries. If fishers consider multiple fisheries when deciding where, when, and how much to fish, then management changes in one fishery can generate spillover impacts in other fisheries. Catch-share programs are a popular fisheries management framework that may be particularly prone to generating spillovers given that they typically change fishers’ incentives and their subsequent actions. We use data from Alaska fisheries to examine spillovers from each of the main catch-share programs in Alaska. We evaluate changes in participation—a traditional indicator in fisheries economics—in both the catch-share and non–catch-share fisheries. Using network analysis, we also investigate whether catch-share programs change the economic connectivity of fisheries, which can have implications for the socioeconomic resilience and robustness of the ecosystem, and empirically identify the set of fisheries impacted by each Alaska catch-share program. We find that cross-fishery participation spillovers and changes in economic connectivity coincide with some, but not all, catch-share programs. Our findings suggest that economic connectivity and the potential for cross-fishery spillovers deserve serious consideration, especially when designing and evaluating EBFM policies.

PEMBENTUKAN MODAL UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN USAHA PENANGKAPAN IKAN OLEH NELAYAN KELURAHAN MANADO TUA SATU KECAMATAN BUNAKEN KOTA MANADO

The aim of this study is to examine the formation of capital for the development of fishing effort by fishermen in the village I District of Manado Tua Bunaken Manado City. The method applied in this study is explorative case study. Sampling using simple random sample withdrawal. Data collected by means of active participation, interviews, and filling the list of questions (questionnaire). Qualitative analysis by making the description of the object of study while quantitative analysis reached by statistical calculation and simple math. The results showed that the housing situation of fishermen considered to be adequate, level of education is still low. In terms of venture capital, Manado Tua fishermen no avail loan from the bank, they are reluctant to use and does not want to take the risk because the business is financed by loans require collateral in the form of credit financed businesses as well as the wealth of clients. Fishing effort contained in the island of Manado Tua is still using its own capital and less attention from the government. If no help is given sometimes incomplete, the size of the nets is not complete and the boat does not correspond guidelines also not equipped with a motor. Should the government through the Department of Fisheries to provide credit facilities with low interest and as well as providing information about fisheries economics. Keyword: Capital, Business development, ishing, fishermen, Village Manado Tua I