A reprodução da ideologia da supremacia masculina na divisão sexual do trabalho, na literatura para crianças

Com o intuito de colaborar para o debate sobre a temática da exploração, combinada com a opressão de gênero sobre as mulheres, no âmbito do materialismo histórico e dialético, propusemo-nos a analisar o conteúdo de três livros dos acervos do PNAIC: João e o pé de feijão; Nossa rua tem um problema e As mil e uma histórias de Manoela. Nosso objetivo foi identificar como são retratadas as profissões, as múltiplas jornadas, o trabalho doméstico e a participação das mulheres no sustento familiar, com vistas a contribuir com o debate para responder à problematização: quais textos apresentariam uma abordagem que contribui para a reprodução da ideologia da supremacia masculina, na vida pública e privada? Os recortes privilegiaram uma análise da potencialidade dessas obras para auxiliar na formação das crianças para a igualdade de direitos entre os gêneros. Portanto, delimitamo-nos das abordagens referentes às teorias literárias, na medida em que nos interessa apresentar elaborações, de aspectos sociológicos, do conteúdo das de tais obras. O debate sobre igualdade de direitos, no âmbito das especificidades das mulheres, ainda não faz parte nem das bases comuns curriculares, nem dos documentos oficiais, que têm orientado os currículos. Evidenciamos que as obras de literatura para crianças, que tocam na questão do trabalho feminino, frequentemente reproduzem padrões de comportamento supremacistas masculinos e fixam a mulher no papel social de cuidadora e protetora, reclusa ao ambiente doméstico, em contradição com os requisitos do capital, que desde o início da industrialização, tem derrubado todas as barreiras de idade, sexo, condições de saúde para intensificar a exploração do trabalho. La reproducción de la ideología de la supremacía masculina en la división sexual del trabajo, en la literatura para niños. Con la finalidad de colaborar en el debate relacionado al tema de la explotación femenina mezclada con la opresión de género, en el ámbito del materialismo histórico y dialéctico, nos proponemos a analizar tres libros de los acervos del PNAIC: João e o pé de feijão; Nossa rua tem um problema e As mil e uma histórias de Manoela. El objetivo fue identificar como son descritas las profesiones, las múltiples jornadas, el trabajo doméstico y la participación de las mujeres en el sustento familiar, con la finalidad de contribuir con respuestas a la problemática: ¿Cuáles son los textos que abordan y contribuyen a la reproducción de la ideología de la supremacía masculina en la vida pública y privada? Los recortes privilegiaron un análisis sobre la potencialidad de las obras literarias que auxilien en la formación infantil con igualdad de derecho entre géneros. Por lo tanto, los enfoques fueron limitados con referencia a las teorías literarias en la medida que nos interesa presentar los aspectos sociológicos elaborados a través del contenido de las obras. El debate sobre la igualdad de los derechos en el ámbito de las especificidades de las mujeres ni siquiera forman parte de las bases comunes curriculares, ni de los documentos oficiales que han orientado los currículos. Evidenciamos que las obras literarias infantiles que abordan los temas relacionados al trabajo femenino son poco comunes, es frecuente la reproducción sobre los patrones de comportamiento sobre la supremacía masculina e proyectan a la mujer en el papel social de cuidadora y protectora reclusa al ambiente doméstico, contradiciendo los requisitos del capital, que desde el inicio de la industrialización han derrumbado todas las barreras, como la edad, sexo, condiciones de salud, para intensificar la explotación del trabajo. Palabras clave: Derecho de las mujeres. Literatura infantil. Trabajo femenino. The reproduction of the ideology of male supremacy in the sexual division of work, in the literature for children. To contribute with them discussion about the theme of exploitation combined with gender oppression of women, under an historic and dialectic materialist point of view, we propose to analyze the content of three books from PNAIC’s (National Pact for Literacy at the Right Age): Jack and the beanstalk; Our street has a problem and The thousand and one stories of Manuela. Our aim was to identify how the professions, the multiple journeys, the housework, and the participation of women in the family are portrayed, to contribute to answer to the problematic: which texts would present an approach that contributes to the reproduction of the ideology of male supremacy in public and private life? The selection of these stories had privileged an analysis of the potential of literary works to assist in the training of children for equal rights between genders. Therefore, we limited ourselves to approaches referring to literary theories, insofar as we are interested in presenting elaborations of sociological aspects of the content of the works. The discussion about equal rights in the context of the specificities of women is still not part of the common curriculum bases nor of the official documents that have guided the curricula. We show that the literature works for children that touch on the issue of female labor are not so common, moreover, they frequently reproduce male supremacist behavior patterns and fix women in the social role of caregiver and protector, reclusive to the domestic environment, in contradiction with the requirements of capitalism, that since the beginning of industrialization, it has broken down all barriers of age, sex, and health conditions to intensify the of work. Keywords: Woman’s rights. Children’s literature. Women’s work

ENDURANCE OF THE SUBALTERN: A STUDY OF A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS BY KHALID HOSSEINI

Purpose of the study: The present research aims to explore the oppressed and marginalized Afghan women who are made subaltern socially and religiously. It further reveals the ability of women to endure the violence and to create the vision of women empowerment through their suppressed bodies. Methodology: The primary data of research relies upon the text of A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khalid Hosseini (2007). Further, it has also been collected from secondary sources like articles and reviews mentioned in the reference list. The selected text is analyzed under the theoretical framework of the theory of subaltern by Spivak (1988), utilizing the content analysis. Main findings: The study dismantles the struggles of marginalized women for their survival and to free them from the suffocating chains of repression and violence. Nana, Mariam, and Laila being the subaltern know the word ‘Endurance’ while living in dilapidated social conditions. They show the degree of resistance and then also unite to stand against societal prominence. Mariam- the harami, sacrifices her life for Laila and Laila becomes the voice of her coming generation who can challenge the subaltern attitude and will speak loudly. Application of this study: Utilizing the theory of subaltern by Spivak, this research answers the question “Can the subaltern speak?” as ‘Yes’. It brings a message if the subaltern group combines and stands against the unjust norms, they will no more remain a subaltern and will be applicable for academicians and researchers as well. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is distinctive because it explores the literature that portrays the stories of almost every home and corner of the world. Despite passing phases of woman's rights, the female gender is still being suppressed. It also unveils how gender inequality, poor and gender-biased educational systems, the justice system, and constrained or child marriages are being practised.

A Violation of Woman’s Rights under Tradition of Belis in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Indonesia as a legal state has ratified several instruments of international law in order to protect women's rights. But restraint and violations of women's rights are still common. In East Nusa Tenggara, high dowry or Belis often trigger violence against women. This is triggered by the perception that the transfer of women's rights when the dowry or Belis has been paid by the men to the women’s family who ultimately give the ability and arbitrariness of men to commit acts of violence. So, the purpose of this study is to review more comprehensively how the practice of giving Belis or dowry in terms of international law and analyze the extent to which international and national law provides protection for the rights of women who are victims of violence. This research is legal doctrinal research using qualitative method. This research was conducted in literature by studying legislation at the national and international level, books, articles, journals, scientific reports related to the issues studied. From this study, it was found that the practice of giving Belis in the form of dowry in marriage is a cultural practice that is also protected by domestic and international law as part of the way of life or cultural rights. Acts of violence in the form of restraint on women's rights due to the repayment of Belis is a violation of women's human rights. So that these two things must be seen from two different sides. The number of national and international legal instruments does not guarantee that it can overcome the problem of violence against women. The legal culture of society in the form of high legal awareness and the willingness and commitment of the state is one step forward in order to provide protection of women's rights.

African American Women and Feminism in the 19th Century

What in contemporary parlance we would call African American feminisms has been a politics and activism communal in its orientation, addressing the rights and material conditions of women, men, and children since the first Dutch slaver brought captive Africans to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. Although Black women would not have used the terms “feminist” or “feminism,” which did not enter into use until what is recognized now as the first wave of feminism, scholars have been using those terms for the past two decades to refer to Black women’s activism in the United States stretching at least as far back as the 1830s with the oratory and publications of Maria Stewart and the work of African American women in abolition and church reform. Alongside and in many ways enabled by crucial forms of resistance to slavery, Black women developed forms of feminist activism and a political culture that advanced claims for freedom and rights in a number of arenas. Yet our historical knowledge of 19th-century Black feminist activism has been limited by historiographical tendencies. Histories of American feminism have tended to marginalize Black feminisms by positioning these activists as contributing to a white-dominant narrative, focused on woman’s rights and suffrage. The literature on African American feminism has tended to hail the Black women’s club movement of the late 19th century as the emergence of that politics. Though many people may recognize only a handful of 19th-century African American feminists by name and reputation, early Black feminism was multiply located and extensive in its work. African American women continued the voluntary work that benevolent and mutual aid societies had begun in the late 18th century and established literary societies during the early 19th century; they entered Black nationalist debates over emigration and advocated for the self-sufficiency and education of their communities, including women; and they fought to end slavery and the repressive racialized violence that accompanied it in free states and continued through the nadir. Throughout the century, African American feminists negotiated competing and often conflicting demands within interracial reform movements like abolition, woman’s rights, and temperance, and worked to open the pulpit, platform, press, and politics to Black women’s voices.

The Body of Woman and Woman’s Rights as Portrayed in Rupi Kaur’s milk and honey Based on Elaine Showalter’s Gynocriticism

In the time of modern writing, women writers are increasingly free in raising the theme of their writing. Women are no longer reluctant to write things related to a woman’s body and it’s issue. This research aims to analyze the body of women and woman’s rights as portrayed in Rupi Kaur’s milk and honey (2014). This research belongs to library research that applied descriptive qualitative method with gynocriticism approach. Reading and selecting data techniques were used to collect the data. 28 poems raise the theme of the body of a woman and its issue used as the data in this research. To analyze the body of woman and woman’s rights in milk and honey, gynocriticism theory by Ellaine Showalter were used. The result of the analysis shows that: 1) Woman’s body is described into three aspects, that is objectification of the body, owner of the body, and strength of the body. 2) There are three ways for a woman to embrace their rights. First, a woman is asked to be able to accept and acknowledge herself as she is. Second, a woman is expected to love and consider herself precious and equal to a man. Third, women must be able to help and to support other women in fighting for their rights.

Your body is not only your business: commentary on Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal Judgment of 22 October 2020 no.K1/20

For about 30 years, the topic of abortion has remained a “bone of contention” between conservative and liberal members of Polish society. In October 2020, these discussions moved from the political and religious planes to the legal field: the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland considered the issue of women’s right to “eugenic abortion”. The Constitutional Tribunal scrutinized the provisions of a specialized law, allowing the termination of pregnancy in case of a high probability of a severe and irreversible fetal malformation or an incurable disease threatening its life. As a result, in the Judgment of 22 October 2020 no. K1/20 the Constitutional Tribunal upheld the position of the applicants, a group of deputies of the Sejm, and declared the contested legal norms unconstitutional. This process was the center of attention of mass media and the reason of mass protests throughout Poland. This article is the commentary on the decision, that attempts to comprehend the premises of the decision, its substantive and procedural aspects, as well as the consequences. The author concludes that the main purpose of the decision is to constitutionalize the traditionalist state policy in the field of reproductive rights. This decision is difficult to analyze in isolation from political and religious factors. The article notes that the value of the “eugenic abortion” case is not limited to legal aspects. The Constitutional Tribunal tried not only to change approaches to the correlation of competing rights (the right of an unborn child to life and woman’s rights in the context of freedom of reproductive choice), but also to increase “chilling effect”. It is expressed in the phasing out of abortion on pain of criminal prosecution.

The He-Women Come

This chapter discusses the earliest instances of women voting in the U. S., including Kentucky's 1838 school suffrage provision. It also traces the origins of the national woman's rights movement. It details sporadic attempts by Kentuckians to raise the issue in places like Glendale and Dayton, Kentucky. It paints a picture of the dire consequences opponents believed would follow if woman's rights activists had their way. Henry Watterson's Courier-Journal, a key opinion maker in the state, actively opposed woman suffrage.