Public Procurement Concept as A Path Dependence Result

The rationale and conditions for transformation of a coordination mechanism in public procurement in Russia from market to redistribution, based on the quasi-market technology, are outlined. The authors view modernization of the economic framework of public procurement as an outcome of institutionalizing the rational conduct principles under the influence of such factors as public production conditions and path dependence. The paper describes transformation of the main elements of the machinery for financing public procurement associated with changing the institutional management structure towards support for the “best quality at an affordable price” principle. Alternatives of transaction managements in the financing system of supplying products for public needs are reviewed: from centralized planning in the USSR to the mixed economy in the today’s Russia. A comparative analysis based on the typical features of the market mechanism for transaction coordination justifies the quail-market nature of public procurement technologies in the Russian Federation. Arguments are given for procurement technology dynamics as returning to redistributive transaction coordination that facilitates transformation of public procurement from an economic-structure neutral into a proactive mechanism geared to form new economic orders. A sequence of tasks is given in order to execute the procurement concept in terms of institutional methodology as well as the prospects for developing a system of public procurement as a mechanism of proactive budgeting policy under bilateral economic sanctions that means de-liberalization of international economic relations. Public contractual system is a factor that is gradually restoring an ability to play a stabilizing and stimulating role in order to support the growth of national production and innovations by employing the taxpayer’s money to attain the national strategic development goals

Public Provision of Goods and Services under Cost Uncertainty: The Government’s Bureaucratic Organization

The digital transition is a challenge that developed countries are currently facing. The transition process is associated with different degrees of uncertainty, which are particularly relevant for changes that have to do with the provision of goods and services produced by public administrations. Our paper uses a partial equilibrium model to study the effects of uncertainty on the public provision of goods and services produced by bureaucratic agencies, including the incentive of the government to consolidate production. We assume that bureaucratic agencies may play either a cooperative game with each other and a non-cooperative game against the government (i.e., a consolidated bureaucracy) or a non-cooperative game with each other and against the government (i.e., competing bureaus). Both the government and the bureaus face tradeoffs between maximizing the electorate preferences and extracting some political and/or bureaucratic rents. We find that a cooperative (competitive) bureaucratic solution depends on the nature of the goods produced. We find that costs’ uncertainty affects the level of public production and the way the policymakers extract their rents.

FEATURES OF THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS COMPETITIVENESS

The petrochemical market is a necessary element of resource supply for all sectors of the economy. The petrochemical market is a necessary element of resource supply for all sectors of the economy. In its development, petrochemicals are ahead of related industries, such as oil production and refining. Even today, the volume of sales in monetary terms significantly exceeds the volume of sales of oil or petroleum products. In the future, the global petrochemical market will continue to grow faster than the oil and petroleum products market. The annual growth of the production rate of multi-tonnage plastics is expected to reach 5% by 2023, and the production of polyester fibers-6%. At the same time, the growth rate of oil demand, according to the Energy Information Agency (USA), will be 1.7% per year, including in developed countries – about 1% per year. The petrochemical industry is characterized by rapid development of scientific and technological progress, increasing the efficiency of public production. Even today, the volume of sales in monetary terms significantly exceeds the volume of sales of oil or petroleum products. In the future, the global petrochemical market will continue to grow faster than the oil and petroleum products market. The annual growth of the production rate of multi-tonnage plastics is expected to reach 5% by 2023, and the production of polyester fibers-6%. At the same time, the growth rate of oil demand, according to the Energy Information Agency (USA), will be 1.7% per year, including in developed countries – about 1% per year. The petrochemical industry is characterized by rapid development of scientific and technological progress, increasing the efficiency of public production.

Sociocultural portrait of the Leningrad member of cooperative (1987-1991)

The subject of this research is the participants of cooperative movement that unfolded in Leningrad in 1987 – 1991. During this period, the country legalized the citizens’ right to establish industrial cooperatives, which de facto have become private enterprises. Leningrad turned into one of the largest centers of cooperative movement in the USSR, and members of the cooperatives – a considerable part of urban society. Attention is given to the situation of cooperatives in Leningrad prior to their transition into the non-state sector of the economy. The author explores such sociocultural characteristics of the cooperative member as the attitude towards socialist system, Soviet regime, experience of party and Komsomol life, work skills, and age characteristics. It is revealed that the majority of participants of cooperative movement prior to transition into the non-state sector of the economy had a stable social status and were loyal to the Soviet system, and many of them held senior positions. Among the members of cooperative were also the members of CPSU and Komsomol activists. Their performance efficiency and high professionalism were often noted by the party and state authorities. This casts doubt on the widespread opinion about the marginal status of the participants of cooperative movement. Moreover, the attempt to attract people not involved in public production was unsuccessful; compared to the working age citizens, householders, pensioners, people with disabilities, and students met in the cooperative community were a rarity. The article relies on the archival documents, newspaper materials, sources of personal origin, as well as the results of interviews conducted by the author with former employees of the cooperative.

Current state of the regional labor market and employment in the Orеl region

The article addresses the problem of regionalization of state policy in the field of employment and employment. The author links the process of formation and use of labour resources in a particular region with territorial differences in natural conditions and resources, demographic processes and economic potential. Today, the situation in the Russian labor market is characterized by a decrease in the number of employed people, an increase in unemployment, and an increase in the length of the period of unemployment. Employment has a system of indicators reflecting: the completeness of the inclusion of an active part of the population in public production; the level of balance between jobs and labour resources; If employment is consistent with the socio-economic needs of the population, the full and effective employment of specialists, especially young ones, in the labor market is of great importance for the further development of the country. In this regard, employment problems have worsened in almost all regions of Russia. As a result of the analysis of the current state of the labor market and employment of the population of the Orel region, the main priorities of the policy were identified: the promotion of employment of youth, people with disabilities, as well as the development of employment in rural areas. It is argued that in the labor market, despite the measures taken by State bodies, there is a significant gap between the number of registered unemployed citizens and the number of unemployed citizens, the territorial discrepancy between the supply and demand of labor, the imbalance in quantity and professional composition, and the low salary characteristics of the proposed jobs remain. The state policy on promoting employment at present should ensure the coordinated functioning of the labor market, regulation of the formation and movement of investments throughout Russia, the use of corporate and private capital, taking into account the provision of employment at a level sufficient to maintain the reproduction of the population within the framework guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation. Possible ways to improve the efficiency of public administration of employment and employment of the population in the Orel region, increasing social security and competitiveness in the labor market of weakly protected categories of citizens, are justified.

THEORETICAL DIMENSION OF THE INFORMATION-DIGITAL ECONOMY: INFORMATION ACTIVITY AND THE SYSTEM OF THE DERIVED INFORMATION PHENOMENA (PRODUCTS)

The main types (subtypes) of the information activity and their results – the derived information products as the phenomena have been characterized. Information activity is represented as the controversial unity of peculiarly information and associate information components. Production, distributing, exchange, and consumer associate information activity, their individual attributes, and also the main types of derived information products as their result have been characterized. Representative, materializing, and processing subtypes are separated in the production associate information activity. The arrangement, functional-specific variation, and development of derived information products have been defined in the last subtype. The ideal and materialized derived information products have been distinguished as the special presentation forms of primary information products. The main types (subtypes) of ideal and materialized information products, in particular syntactic (text, digital, graphic, audial); semantic (signal, report, data, bulletin, announcement); continual-discrete (continual, discrete, continual-discrete) and their interrelations as well have been reviewed. Special features of distributing, exchange, and consumer associate information activity, their interaction with the production activity and with each other have been defined. Considering that and taking into account the place of information activity and its types in public production four forms of information economy (IE) have been defined. IE of the I form is the area of exclusively information activity; IE of the II form includes IE of the I form and the production of the information activity attributes in the other economic sectors; IE of the II form makes IE of the III form together with economic activity which attributes are the information products; in the IE of the IV form along with the IE of the II form all types of the economic activity are featured in which at least one of the information activity attribute is used.

The public production of medicines in Brazil

The paper aims to contribute as a reflection on the public production of medicines in Brazil. Public producers present themselves as strategic in Brazil, either as price regulators, in meeting the demands of the Ministry of Health (MoH) on neglected products and those at risk of shortage to SUS. The study used the official bases of the MoH, National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) and Website of Official Pharmaceutical Laboratories (OPL). Thirty-three OPL were identified, 16 with active production of drug registration at ANVISA. For the remaining 17 LFOs, no one identified active portfolio in the bases surveyed. There are 80% of the OPL portfolio concentrated in the first level of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification, such as alimentary tract and metabolism, blood and blood forming organs, cardiovascular system, anti-infective for systemic use and nervous system. The OPL participation in the health complex is 48.6% of its portfolio dedicated to the strategic component, 30.6% for primary care and 20.7% for the specialized. It concludes the relevance of the OPL for the Brazilian health policy, with the better realignment of their potential in the face of technological advancement, health legislation, drug dependence and new treatment protocols.

Transformation оf the Relationship between Public Production and Consumption’ Means: The Imperatives of the New Reality

The authors justify the necessity of a transformation of the value conversation method of the interrelationship between public production and consumption on the basis of filling it with associated forms of relationships. At the same time, they proceed from the idea of the new reality as a new qualitative state of the existing form of society, which came after passing the threshold of accumulated critical issues generated by deep technological shifts and following social transformations. The long-time ‘society vis a vis nature’ interaction based on the value conversation method of the interrelationship between social production and consumption has come to a deadlock. The way out of it lies in the development of collaborative relationships based on the coordination of interests and positive cooperation of the main participants of social reproduction. In the new reality it is imperative to limit the manipulation of consumers carried out by giant corporations over the course of decades with an actual acquiescence of the state, which has resulted in a rapid growth of imposed erroneous goods as part of consumed products leading to huge losses of public time and resources. Further development is hindered by an excessive polarization of capital, which causes the alienation of a significant part of society from participation in further transformations, pushing it to the destructive periphery of socio-economic life. The imperatives of the new reality determine a number of conceptual aspects of two interrelated processes: dialectical denial of the value measured method of the relationship between public production and consumption, and preparation of prerequisites for the formation of an associated method of this relationship. Under conditions of high uncertainty, the sustainability of long product development chains can be ensured by further development of collaboration resulting in greater cooperation between economic subjects. The new reality calls for forms of associated interaction between participants in product chains that reduces the level of decision-making uncertainty. The article justifies the necessity of setting a special group of goals for forming a course of socio-economic policy corresponding to the new reality; these goals are aimed at overcoming manipulation in seller-consumer relationships

RAISING THE ROLE AND AUTHORITY OF A WOMAN IN THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF DAGESTAN DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The article is devoted to relevant scientific problem, since the period of the Great Patriotic War is one of the turning points, nodal moments in the history of our country, in general, and in the history of the female movement in the USSR, in particular. The mass involvement of women in public production, due to the forced development of the economy during the years of industrialization and increased in military time, led to a fundamental change in the status and role of women in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the Soviet society. The relevance of this research is due to the need to study the contribution to the victory of women of the Multiethnic North Caucasus, including Dagestan, a multi-faceted feat of women during the war years, their contribution to victory over fascism deserve high public recognition. The Great Patriotic War contributed to a significant change in the role of a woman in society. The purpose of the research is to show how a woman during the War had to perform the functions that were mainly assigned to men, especially taking into consideration the masculine character of traditional Dagestan society. Documentary materials and special research have been used and the conclusion has been made that during the war women were leading force in solving the tasks of industrial production and agriculture, they were forced to do a heavy work, because all the capable male population were mobilized to the front. The study allows to identify and comprehend the features, the genesis of the development of female activity of the peoples of Dagestan during the war years, to understand the importance and uniqueness of gender-history processes.

Ukrainian Enterprises in the Tandem of Decarbonization Policy

The article is aimed at reflecting the essence of the course of European countries to reduce carbon emissions, which is the core of the policy of decarbonization. The stages of implementation of such a policy lead to structural changes in production, and quarantine conditions during the pandemic lead to changes in public consumption of certain types of goods. In addition to the economic stages of the implementation of the «green program», the EU countries have developed an investment plan to activate private and public production in the appropriate direction. Private investors join it in order to get involved in projects with the State guarantee of their implementation – both in European countries and from abroad. At present, such promising and global economic and investment measures to ensure the policy of decarbonization are not taking place in Ukraine. However, the private sector of Ukrainian production reacts ahead, in contrast to the State legislative position, with a certainty as to priority opportunities in order to increase competitiveness. Taking into account these major external factors of influence, it is identified the goods that have undergone significant changes in their demand, namely: devices for heating the premises. The dynamics of the sale of this product has increased in the world market due to lockdowns in different countries, and in the Ukrainian market – due to the fact that domestic producers have competitive prospects. The article examines the volume of world imports and exports of devices for heating premises, describes ways of selling Ukrainian goods abroad, as well as reasoned prospects for new, underserved foreign markets. In addition, domestic enterprises carrying out innovative production of this ware are identified and an analysis of its competitiveness is carried out. The successful sale of this product is facilitated by the independent work of the domestic producer to promote its own export goods, as well as existing consumer changes due to the deepening of most European countries into the «green» policy.