chain confinement
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Author(s):  
Aswathi Madathinal Kunjappan ◽  
Arunima Reghunadhan ◽  
Ajitha A. Ramachandran ◽  
Lovely Mathew ◽  
Moothetty Padmanabhan ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 4494-4503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomon Joy ◽  
Elssa George ◽  
Sabu Thomas ◽  
Saithalavi Anas

This article examines the effect of the addition of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanopowder on the polymer chain confinement, thermal, morphological and mechanical properties of the epoxy system.


2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 2675-2686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R Baber ◽  
Jason E Sawyer ◽  
Tryon A Wickersham

Abstract Intensification of cow–calf production may provide a sustainable solution for meeting increasing beef demand in the face of diminishing resources. However, intensification with its greater reliance on cereal grains potentially decreases the upcycling of human-inedible protein into beef. A previously described model was used to evaluate cow–calf intensification on beef’s ability to meet human protein requirements. Four scenarios were compared, based on a 1,000 cow herd: 1) Conventional cow–calf production system (0CON), 2) cows limit-fed in confinement for 4 mo after weaning (4CON), 3) cows limit-fed in confinement for 8 mo after breeding (8CON), or 4) cows limit-fed in confinement year-round (12CON). Changes were not made to either the stocker or feedlot segments of the beef value chain. Net protein contribution (NPC) was calculated by multiplying the ratio of human-edible protein (HeP) in beef produced to HeP in feed by the protein quality ratio. A NPC >1 indicates that the production system is positively contributing to meeting human requirements, whereas a NPC <1 indicates the sector or value chain is competing with humans for HeP. Methane was estimated based on proportion of forage in diet and total methane production was reported per kg HeP. In the cow–calf sector, HeP conversion efficiency (HePCE) decreased from 2,640.83 to 0.37 while methane production decreased from 4.53 to 1.82 kg/kg HeP produced as the length of intensification increased from 0CON to 12CON. Decreased HePCE resulted in NPC values for cow–calf sector of 8,036.80, 4.93, 2.19, and 1.28 for 0CON, 4CON, 8CON, and 12CON, respectively. Protein quality ratio of the entire beef value chain increased from 3.15 to 3.33, while HePCE decreased from 0.99 to 0.39 as length of intensification increased from 0CON to 12CON. For the beef value chain, NPC was 3.11, 2.30, 1.73, and 1.31 for 0CON, 4CON, 8CON, and 12CON, respectively. Across the value chain, confinement of cows for 12 mo decreased enteric methane from 3.05 to 1.53 kg/kg HeP (0CON and 12CON, respectfully). Additionally, profitability of the cow–calf operation decreased from $249.34 to $102.16 per cow as intensification increased. Of confinement scenarios, probability of loss to an operation was least (4%) for 4CON. Feed costs increased by $260.79 per cow for 0CON when drought conditions existed (0COND). Total methane production was reduced by intensification and none of the scenarios evaluated competed with humans for HeP.


2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 506a
Author(s):  
Abhinav Ramkumar ◽  
Xiaoling Leng ◽  
Horia I. Petrache

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (S1) ◽  
pp. E435-E445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madathinal Kunjappan Aswathi ◽  
Moothetty Padmanabhan ◽  
Lovely Mathew ◽  
Prosenjit Saha ◽  
Roberto Terzano ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (29) ◽  
pp. 19655-19667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Tresa Sunny ◽  
Poornima Vijayan P. ◽  
Rameshwar Adhikari ◽  
Suresh Mathew ◽  
Sabu Thomas

The physical characteristics of epoxy–nCOP nanocomposites are associated with the constrained epoxy chains immobilized by the octahedral nCOP particles. The existence of a constrained region depends on filler dispersion and polymer/filler interactions.


2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Tang ◽  
Steven M. Greene ◽  
Wing Kam Liu ◽  
Xiang He Peng ◽  
Zaoyang Guo

Recent experiments and molecular dynamics simulations have proven that polymer chains are less confined in layers near the free surfaces of submicron-nanosized pores. A recent model has incorporated this observed variable chain confinement at void surfaces in a mechanism-based hyperelastic model. This work employs that model to do two things: explain the large discrepancy between classical homogenization theories and physical experiments measuring the modulus of nanoporous polymers, and describe the instability behavior (onset and postinstability deformation) of this class of materials. The analysis demonstrates that less confinement of polymer chains near free surfaces of voids inhibits tilting buckling while promoting pattern transformation. The sensitivity of geometric instability modes to void size is also studied in depth, helping lay the foundation for fabricating solids with tunable acoustic and optical properties. The simulation approach outlined provides experimentalists with a practical route to estimate the thickness of the interfacial layer in nanoporous polymers.


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