Application of Biological Glue in Orthopedics and Traumatology

The purpose of the study was to investigate the method of osteosynthesis using glues. Materials and methods. The simplest and most effective method in the treatment of traumatological patients is a plaster fixing bandage of different variations. This is a conservative type of treatment. Also, a very common method in the treatment of orthopedic and traumatological patients is the surgical method. Modern high-tech methods of osteosynthesis require a thorough preoperative examination of the patient, conducting a 3D tomographic examination for intra-articular fractures, clear planning of the course of surgical intervention, electro optical probing techniques during the operation, the availability of tool kits for installing retainers, the ability to choose a retainer intraoperative in the size range. An orthopedic-traumatologist and the entire operating team need appropriate training. All operational fixation methods must provide adequate stability to maintain axis length and rotation. Results and discussion. In the world practice, biological glues are used in such areas as abdominal surgery, neuro- and cardiac surgery, plastic and pediatric surgery, orthopedics and traumatology. Cyanocrylate glues have undergone extensive experimental clinical testing. Positive characteristics of cyanoacrylate glues are the ability to glue living tissues in a humid environment, polymerization rate, autosterility, bactericidal, absence of histotoxicity, hemostatic effect. Another glue in the review is sulfacrylate. It can be used in patients of any age, starting from newborns, regardless of the pathogenesis of the disease. Venaseal glue, used by many authors to treat fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract. Widely used fibrin glues, such as Evicel, are used to achieve hemostasis and sealing in surgery, for example, in vascular operations, kidney resection and neurosurgical interventions, in the surgical treatment of distal hypospadias in children. BioGlue glue is designed to seal surgical sutures, thereby preventing fluids (exudate, lymph, urine, gastric juice) and / or air from leaking through them. It is also used in liver surgery. At the moment, the use of bone cement is the most common auxiliary method for surgical interventions. But its side effects are very clear. Bone cement can cause the patient to die on the operating table or, in the postoperative period, in intensive care. This is due to an immediate or rapid allergic reaction. This situation is dangerous for humans. Biological glues are not so toxic and do not cause such allergic reactions Conclusion. The search for new materials and techniques for consolidating bone fragments is one of the most important problems of modern medical science, namely orthopedics and traumatology. Substances that are included in the biological glue must be bioinert, contain elements of strength (for holding fragments), looseness of the structure (for germination of capillaries between fragments), natural antibiotic (for antibiotic prevention), activators of hematopoiesis processes (for the fastest callus), organic and inorganic substances (for the building material of bone tissue). Therefore, the desire to improve treatment and improve its results, in particular in orthopedics and traumatology, is the key to the development of modern medicine

Inventions and Innovations Related to Better Results in Intestinal Anastomosis: a Patent Review

Objective: To evaluate new techniques and improvements in surgical instruments related to intestinal anastomosis procedures. Methods: A search was conducted on the free database of patents from the National Institute of Industrial Patent Office (INPI) and The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Were analyzed all occurrences between 2012 and 2016 related to experimental surgery and intestinal anastomosis. The requests for patents were examined individually and the data collected was the nationality of the applicant, if was physical (PP) or legal (LP) person and if was innovation or invention. At the end, a comparative analysis between the two institutions was performed. Results: In INPI was found only 5 occurrences. All of them were deposited by legal entity and were inventions. In addition, only one was a national request. In USPTO database, 65 occurrences met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 48 were national applications and only 5 were filed by physical person. Conclusion: More requests were found in US database, predominating national trustee and greater solicitation to inventions than Brazilian database. The main applications for patents are invention of surgical instruments, the development of new biological glues and improvement of mechanical sutures. Keywords: patents, gastroenterology, surgical anastomosis.

Surgical adhesives in ophthalmology: history and current trends

Tissue adhesives are gaining popularity in ophthalmology, as they could potentially reduce the complications associated with current surgical methods. An ideal tissue adhesive should have superior tensile strength, be non-toxic and anti-inflammatory, improve efficiency and be cost-effective. Both synthetic and biological glues are available. The primary synthetic glues include cyanoacrylate and the recently introduced polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives, while most biological glues are composed of fibrin. Cyanoacrylate has a high tensile strength, but rapidly polymerises upon contact with any fluid and has been associated with histotoxicity. Fibrin induces less toxic and inflammatory reactions, and its polymerisation time can be controlled. Tensile strength studies have shown that fibrin is not as strong as cyanoacrylate. While more research is needed, PEG variants currently appear to have the most promise. These glues are non-toxic, strong and time-effective. Through MEDLINE and internet searches, this paper presents a systematic review of the current applications of surgical adhesives to corneal, glaucoma, retinal, cataract and strabismus surgeries. Our review suggests that surgical adhesives have promise to reduce problems in current ophthalmic surgical procedures.

Médicaments derivés du sang: sécurité virale

The stable blood products, called since 1995 “the medicines derived from blood”, are classified into five categories (albumin, clotting factors, protease inhibitors, immunoglobulins, biological glues). Their manufacture, dispensing, and pharmacovigilance (Correspendants) are provided primarily by the pharmacist. They have a great importance in the compensation of constitutional or acquired deficiency of plasma proteins. Obtaining them from blood donation (voluntary, anonymous and free), requires the application of several successive fractionation, merging, purification, elimination and/or viral inactivation. The main techniques used in fractionation are, precipitation (by cold or ethanol) and chromatography, which also contributes to the reduction of a possible viral load. The viral securisation is a decisive criterion for evaluation of the drug under the authorization of placing on the market. Other recombinant products have been developed ; they have the advantage of being equally effective but safer then plasma products. We propose in our work to review key points on securing viral transmission of medicines derived from blood.

Natural glues and fouling management by interfering with glue curing

Multidisciplinary approaches and modern technology provide insights to glue curing that are stimulatingand controversial. Our team applies classic and modern theory and techniques to the study of barnacle glue. Techniques include physical measures, bacteriology, behavior, physiology, biochemistry, microscopy, spectroscopy, tomography, tandem mass spectrometry, molecular biology and proteomics. Theory is grounded in evolution and previous literature. Here, we use data from these techniques to support the hypothesis that barnacle glue curing is similar toblood clotting and propose a model for how glue cures. Similar to blood clotting, barnacle glue curing involves enzymatic activation of precursors and rearrangement of structural molecules to form a crosslinked material. Barnacle larval settlement, bacteriology and biochemical data show glue contains large amounts of small peptides. Their role in glue curing has been overlooked. The peptides comprise 15 to 30% of partially cured glue. Because they have little secondary structure, the peptides can associate with binding domains on the substrate and interface with the larger, well-described structural proteins known in barnacle glue. Enzymes participate in curing of barnacle glue. Siloxanes impact glue-curing enzymes. They potentiate trypsin activity and inhibit transglutaminase activity. Changing enzymeactivity impacts how glue cures. Disrupting the curing process of biological glues is central to effective cleaning strategies for fouling management. Thus silicones that interfere with enzyme activity have potential as additives in easy cleansurfaces. The environmental impacts of organosilicones that are generated by biological processes need to be addressed

Transglutaminases: Nature’s biological glues

Transglutaminases (Tgases) are a widely distributed group of enzymes that catalyse the post-translational modification of proteins by the formation of isopeptide bonds. This occurs either through protein cross-linking via ∊-(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds or through incorporation of primary amines at selected peptide-bound glutamine residues. The cross-linked products, often of high molecular mass, are highly resistant to mechanical challenge and proteolytic degradation, and their accumulation is found in a number of tissues and processes where such properties are important, including skin, hair, blood clotting and wound healing. However, deregulation of enzyme activity generally associated with major disruptions in cellular homoeostatic mechanisms has resulted in these enzymes contributing to a number of human diseases, including chronic neurodegeneration, neoplastic diseases, autoimmune diseases, diseases involving progressive tissue fibrosis and diseases related to the epidermis of the skin. In the present review we detail the structural and regulatory features important in mammalian Tgases, with particular focus on the ubiquitous type 2 tissue enzyme. Physiological roles and substrates are discussed with a view to increasing and understanding the pathogenesis of the diseases associated with transglutaminases. Moreover the ability of these enzymes to modify proteins and act as biological glues has not gone unnoticed by the commercial sector. As a consequence, we have included some of the present and future biotechnological applications of this increasingly important group of enzymes.