مظاهر استخدام القوة في الحرب الاستباقية

The Issue of preemptive war and the protection of States against the dangers and threats they face is a process that facilitates rectifying things and carrying out defensive operations that gave rise, in turn, to the legal capacity through repeating and stating them in the international agreements. Self-defense in international law is very similar to the right of defense in the national laws of states which consider the individual’s protection and survival as having the priority over the violator or the enemy. In order tackle all the aspects of the topic, the researchers have tried to divide the study into two main sections. The first section is about the definition of preemptive wars and the scholars’ opinions through two subsections: the first gives the definition of pre-emptive war, and the second tackles the requirements and the motivations of the preemptive war. While the second section which falls in two subsections is related to the role of the international organizations in defining these wars and their mechanisms. The first subsection is about the role of the League of Nations, and the .second is about the role of the United Nations in such wars

War in Jewish Law before Zionism

This chapter provides the necessary background for understanding the positions of the five rabbis on war by describing the material in medieval Halakhah dealing with this topic in greater detail. The basis for discussion is Maimonides’ treatment of laws of war in his Mishneh Torah, the most important source for laws in all of Halakhah. Also included is a discussion of Nahmanides’ highly influential position on the imperative to conquer the land of Israel, as well as a discussion of preemptive war which is not addressed by Maimonides. Finally, the chapter gives a more in-depth discussion than that presented in the first chapter about the key moral issues at the center of the study: which types of war in medieval Halakhah are still applicable, who has legitimate authority to wage war, whether a modern Jewish state may conscript soldiers, and whether Jewish soldiers may kill enemy civilians even accidentally.

“World domination or ruin”. Friedrich von Bernhardi and German militarism before World War I

The paper analyzes the role of militarism in the political life of Germany before WWI. By pointing out the roe of militarism in the political life of Germany at the start of the 20th century, the paper puts an emphasis on the writing of Friedrich von Bernhardi titled Germany and the next war, published in 1912. Bernhardi sought to prove the inevitability of “preemptive war” and territorial annexations in order to provide for the economic and political interests of Germany as a global force. Bernhardi legitimized his opinion by calling on social-Darwinist arguments as well as the tradition of German idealist philosophy, and claiming that war is the only means by which it is possible to sustain German culture as the highest form of “German spirit” and its most valuable contribution to humanity. Considering the high rank which Bernhardi held as a general in the German military, as well as how his attitudes fell in with German foreign policy of the period, Bernhardi’s writing represents, in a condensed fashion, an expression of militaristic ideas present in German society before WWI.