RESPON IMUN HOSPES TERHADAP INFEKSI Vibrio cholerae

The immune sistem is a way of the body’s defense sistem to save the host from the invasion of outside pathogen. Based on how respon to disease, that differentiated into two immune system are innate and adaptive system. Because it an cant throgh the stomach, these pathogenic bacteria go to the small intestin as a site infection. In the intestine, V. cholerae bactesia adhere and colonize and invasion to intestinal epihelial cells. Protection mechanism to V. cholerae are the natural defense presence of tick mucosa on the surface of epithelial cells can inhibit pathogene to adhere tointestinal epithelial cells. One anothet defense namely innate immune system did by phagocytic cells to attac pathogen agent and adaptive immune system involves IgA to opsonization so that can increase intestinal mucosal immune system

Adaptation Strategies to Improve the Resistance of Oilseed Crops to Heat Stress Under a Changing Climate: An Overview

Temperature is one of the decisive environmental factors that is projected to increase by 1. 5°C over the next two decades due to climate change that may affect various agronomic characteristics, such as biomass production, phenology and physiology, and yield-contributing traits in oilseed crops. Oilseed crops such as soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, cottonseed, coconut, palm oil, sesame, safflower, olive etc., are widely grown. Specific importance is the vulnerability of oil synthesis in these crops against the rise in climatic temperature, threatening the stability of yield and quality. The natural defense system in these crops cannot withstand the harmful impacts of heat stress, thus causing a considerable loss in seed and oil yield. Therefore, a proper understanding of underlying mechanisms of genotype-environment interactions that could affect oil synthesis pathways is a prime requirement in developing stable cultivars. Heat stress tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes and is challenging to study and characterize. However, heat tolerance studies to date have pointed to several sophisticated mechanisms to deal with the stress of high temperatures, including hormonal signaling pathways for sensing heat stimuli and acquiring tolerance to heat stress, maintaining membrane integrity, production of heat shock proteins (HSPs), removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assembly of antioxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes, modified gene expression to enable changes, intelligent agricultural technologies, and several other agronomic techniques for thriving and surviving. Manipulation of multiple genes responsible for thermo-tolerance and exploring their high expressions greatly impacts their potential application using CRISPR/Cas genome editing and OMICS technology. This review highlights the latest outcomes on the response and tolerance to heat stress at the cellular, organelle, and whole plant levels describing numerous approaches applied to enhance thermos-tolerance in oilseed crops. We are attempting to critically analyze the scattered existing approaches to temperature tolerance used in oilseeds as a whole, work toward extending studies into the field, and provide researchers and related parties with useful information to streamline their breeding programs so that they can seek new avenues and develop guidelines that will greatly enhance ongoing efforts to establish heat stress tolerance in oilseeds.

An Overview of HIV on World AIDS Day: A Short Commentary

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV infections cause a gradual decrease in CD4+ cells and these cells are an indicator of the immune system including the body’s natural defense system against pathogens and illness.1 AIDS is defined as the advanced stage of HIV infection with CD4 cell count less than 200/mm3. AIDS is characterized by immunosuppression which can result in several opportunistic infections, tumors, and cancers.

Knowledge regarding Immunity Boosting Measures for Self-care during COVID-19 crisis: Survey of Urban Community in Haryana

Background: In the wake of the Covid 19 outbreak, entire mankind across the globe is suffering. Enhancing the body’s natural defence system (immunity) plays an important role in maintaining optimum health. We all know that prevention is better than cure. While there is no medicine for COVID-19 as of now, it will be good to take preventive measures which boost our immunity in these times. The COVID-19 (also commonly called coronavirus) pandemic is causing a lot of changes in the daily lives of people around the world. However, there are things that can be done to maintain a healthy lifestyle in these difficult times. First and foremost, everyone is encouraged to follow World Health Organization (WHO) and governmental advice to protect against COVID-19 infection and transmission. Physical distancing and good hygiene are the best protection for everyone against COVID-19. Experiences from previous outbreaks have shown that as an epidemic evolves, there is an urgent need to expand public health activities beyond direct clinical management. The nutritional status of individuals has for long been considered as an indicator of resilience against destabilization. Method: A web-based, survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire to obtain responses from community people during the third week of May 2020. A 30-item survey instrument was developed using course materials available on WHO’s website on emerging COVID-19. The survey covered community people’s socio demographic profile, awareness, information sources, and knowledge related to maintenance of healthy dietary measures for self-care during COVID-19 pandemic. Result: The study findings suggests that majority of the study participants have poor knowledge score (45.25%), average knowledge (25.12%) and 29.63% respondents had adequate knowledge about self-care measures to follow to boosts immunity during COVID 19. Conclusion: The study concludes that participants had considerable poor to average knowledge regarding Immunity boosting measures for self-care. The enhancement in knowledge is greatly required on Immunity boosting measures for self-care to enhance the natural defense system of individual.

Cancer attrition immunotherapy

Cancer is a deadly disease wherein the immune system is inefficient, resulting in malignant tumors that metastasize. An active and robust immune system is the body’s natural defense. Research efforts continue exploring alternative immunotherapies to fight cancer. This communication proposes non-infectious vaccines and hyper-allergenic skin creams to starve malignant tumors through immune metabolic interference.

Pore-forming peptides: a new treatment option for cancer

: Cancer, as a remaining challenging medical problem, affects millions of people around the world. Cancer cell resistance is one of the main drawbacks in the complete prosperity of even more sophisticated therapies. Pore-forming peptides (PFPs), a group of natural defense system’s proteins used by nearly whole living organisms as antibacterial and antifungal agents, could also be regarded as novel tumoricidal peptides. PFPs approach entails the use of soluble peptides by assembling on mainly target cell membrane and forming potential death-causing pores. Physical damage induction by natural PFPs or their synthetic derivatives could conquer the resistance mechanisms of tumor cells. Given that peptide drugs involve a significant proportion of the pharmaceutical market primarily because of easy synthesis and safety, evaluation of this nature provided model system as a group of anticancer peptides seems a valuable approach. Here, the mode of action of PFPs and their anticancer mechanism are highlighted which is followed by addressing the anticancer studies using PFPs from various sources along with various applied strategies to obtain selective action of PFPs against cancer cells. Challenges and future perspectives of these promising bioactive molecules in cancer treatment are also provided.

NLRP3 Inflammasome in Cardiovascular Disease: David`s Stone against Goliath?

Inflammation is involved in initiation, development and complications of the vast majority of non-communicable diseases. Recent research demonstrated that infl ammation is involved in pathogenesis of all major cardiovascular diseases. Different endogenous factors (LDL, nucleic acid strands, uric acid – collectively called „Damage Associated Molecular Patterns – DAMPs”) activate dedicated receptors („Pattern Recognition Receptors – PRR”) on monocytes, macrophages or dendritic cells responsible for the innate immunologic response. They have a major role in natural defense mechanisms against different pathogens and in normal conditions have a protective role. Among PRRs „NOD-like, leucin rich, pyrin containing (NLRP)” receptors are a 14-member family located in the cytoplasm. One of these is the NLRP3 resulting from nuclear transcription under the infl uence of NF-kB, a second messenger from membrane PRRs to the nucleus. Mostly the same factors responsible for NLRP3 intracellular expression stimulate its oligomerization resulting in a large protein complex, the NLRP3 infl ammasome. This activates caspase-1 responsible for IL-1b and IL-18 production and initiates an inflammatory reaction leading to various pathologic processes, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and heart failure. This is the current story as we know it of the NLRP3 infl ammasome, a small intracellular component that when inappropriately activated may does more harm than good.

A Rapid and Consistent Method To Identify SARS-CoV-2 Variants By RT-PCR

Background Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread worldwide causing health, economic, and social distresses. Containment strategy relay on rapid and consistent methodology for molecular detection and characterization. The emerging variants of concern (VOCs) are currently associated with increased infectivity, and immune escape (natural defense mechanisms as well as a vaccine). Several VOCs has been detected and include lineage B.1.1.7 first identified in the UK, linage B.1.351 in South Africa, and lineage P.1 (B.1.1.28.1) in Brazil. Here we validated a rapid and low-cost technique to distinguish B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 variants by detecting Spike gene mutations using RT-PCR methodology. Results We recruited 77 positive patients affected by Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). Specific Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed targeting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to screen Spike protein mutations. All data were validated by next generation sequencing (NGS) methodology and using sequence from a public database.Among 77 COVID-19 positive samples we could discriminate with 100% of concordance all the investigated SARS-CoV-2 variants when comparing with NGS method. Conclusions PCR-based assays for identification of circulating VOCs of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a rapid method to identify the specific SARS-CoV-2 variants allowing a better survey of the spread of the virus and its transmissibility in the pandemic phase.

LA PAURA. RIFLESSIONI INTERDISCIPLINARI PER UN DIBATTITO CONTEMPORANEO SU VIOLENZA, ORDINE, SICUREZZA

The book Riflessioni interdisciplinari per un dibattito contemporaneo su violenza, ordine, sicurezza offers an interesting interdisciplinary perspective on aspects of the social life that undoubtedly show continuity between past and present and that exert a strong influence on criminal systems. If fear, as an instinct, constitutes a natural defense tool for the individual, ‘collective’ fear is a phenomenon open to different declinations, not all positive, as we will see, for example, in the current hypertrophy of the criminal law. Sometimes collective fear is triggered by objective causes (e.g. by natural catastrophes, epidemics, famines, wars or revolutions); sometimes, instead, collective fear is generated by the so called ‘culture of fear’. Such culture instills and amplifies a sense of insecurity towards true or presumed enemies by using propaganda, rhetoric or violence (just think at the ‘function’ of terrorism). This insecurity, in turn, drives people to search safety and strengthens the power of those who offer protection even with the tools of the criminal law.

Characteristic Features of SARS CoV-2

Corona-virus arose from China, spread globally and has become a great challenge for health care workers and Governments of several countries. This virus is transmitted predominately through respiratory droplets by symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. The disease manifests itself with fever, dry cough and shortness of breath, these symptoms may be mild or have fatal outcomes. This virus attaches to the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) receptor, in the lung. This assessment, recapitulates the existing awareness of host features and the paths that are activated with HCOV (Human Corona virus) infection highlighting the infection derived stress response, autophagy, apoptosis and natural defense mechanism. The interaction of virulence tactics utilized by HCOV is also reviewed. This virus can be detected in the laboratory with help of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), with up to 50%-69% false negative results. Treatment agenda is supportive therapy including supplemental oxygen, antipyretic, dexamethasone and ventilators.