Chromospheric Activity in 55 Cancri: I. Results from Theoretical Wave Studies

We present theoretical models of chromospheric heating for 55 Cancri, an orange dwarf of relatively low activity. Self-consistent, nonlinear and time-dependent ab-initio numerical computations are pursued encompassing the generation, propagation, and dissipation of waves. We consider longitudinal waves operating among arrays of flux tubes as well as acoustic waves pertaining to nonmagnetic stellar regions. Additionally, flux enhancements for the longitudinal waves are also taken into account as supplied by transverse tube waves. The Ca II K fluxes are computed (multi-ray treatment) assuming partial redistribution as well as time-dependent ionization. The self-consistent treatment of time-dependent ionization (especially for hydrogen) greatly impacts the atmospheric temperatures and electron densities (especially behind the shocks); it also affects the emergent Ca II fluxes. Particularly, we focus on the influence of magnetic heating on the stellar atmospheric structure and the emergent Ca II emission, as well as the impact of nonlinearities. Our study shows that a higher photospheric magnetic filling factor entails a larger Ca II emission; however, an increased initial wave energy flux (e.g., associated with mode coupling) is of little difference. Comparisons of our theoretical results with observations will be conveyed in forthcoming Paper II.

INVESTIGATION OF DIFFUSION OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS DURING THERMAL CYCLING OF MULTILAYER COMPOSITE MATERIAL MADE OF CHROME AND CARBON STEELS

In this work the effect of five cycles of heating to a temperature of 1000 °C and three cycles of heating to a temperature of 1100 °C on the structure of multilayered composite material consisted of 100 alternating layers of 08H18 and U8 steels was investigated via the methods of microstructural analysis. It is shown that already in the initial state after rolling there was a redistribution of carbon between the layers of the material. Thermal cycling led to a partial redistribution of chromium in the material, a change in the structure and thickness of the layers.

Austria

This technical note on Austria presents the Financial Stability analysis, stress testing, and interconnectedness. Austria’s banking sector presents unique structural vulnerabilities. Private credit growth has supported the cyclical boom without jeopardizing household and corporate indebtedness. Profits of Austrian subsidiaries in Central, Eastern, and South-eastern Europe have increased recently; however, the cycle is turning and the ability of the sector to maintain a solid net interest margin may be further challenged. The Austrian authorities have targeted vulnerabilities related to interconnectedness by imposing Other Systemically Important Institution buffers also at the unconsolidated level. Institutional cooperation arrangements are shown to act as a shock absorber for idiosyncratic shocks, but holdings among participating members of respective IPSs may lead to substantial inward stability risks in a systemic event. Under favorable economic conditions inverse ownership contributes strongly to their capital generation by allowing partial redistribution of profits higher tier banks in the Raiffeisen sector earn on their more profitable international business.

Finances of organizations (enterprises)

The tutorial discusses the finances of organizations (enterprises), which are an independent part of financial system that supports the production of goods and services. It is in this part of financial system accounts for a significant part of national income of the country, carried out the distribution of income within organizations and partial redistribution through the budget system and the system of extra-budgetary funds. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Structure of the study was developed based on the requirements to level of preparation of graduates in accordance with the competence model of higher education. For students enrolled in fields of study 38.03.01 "Economics" and 38.03.02 "Management". May be of interest to graduate students, teachers of economic universities, as well as for employees of financial services of commercial organizations.

Rare-earth accessories and secondary minerals in plagiogneisses from the Stankuvatske Li-deposite

The Stankuvatske Li deposit (SD) is situated at western flank of the Lypniazka structure (Ingul megablock of the Ukrainian Shield). Knowledge about REE content in host metamorphic rocks is based on the results of bulk chemical analysis, but their minerals have not been determined. For the first time rare-earth mineralization of the Stankuvatsky lithium deposit has been investigated in fine-grained gneiss with «augen» and schistose structure, porphiroblastic texture, formed as result of tectonical alteration. Our investigations were carried out using petrographic and microprobe analysis (EPMA). Mineralogically gneisses consist of quartz, plagioclase, zoizite, biotite, graphite, chlorite and abundant sulphides mainly represented by pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, molibdenite. Accessory minerals presented by titanite, apatite, monazite, zircon and coffinite. Gneisses have been subjected to deformation and hydrothermal — metasomatic alteration. An investigation of rock-forming and accessory minerals allows to revel low-temperature alterations of primary allanite by bastnäsiteand chlorite with formation of secondary bastnäsite-chlorite-coisite-pyrite association with «coronary» texture. The penetration of S, F, CO2, H2O enriched fluids were caused disintegration, partial redistribution and reprecipitation of rare earth elements. As result synhysite-chlorite-pyrite association was formed.

Reforms in the Field of Pensions, Education and Housing, as Portrayed in the Russian Mass Media

Welfare reforms in contemporary Russia are based on partial redistribution of responsibilities and resources from the state to other actors, including private business and civil society. Reforms in old age pensions, housing and utilities, primary and secondary education have affected wide social groups and have triggered public debates and protests, reflected in the mass media. This article analyses how these reforms are portrayed in three Russian media outlets representing different political positions—Rossiiskaia gazeta (official government media outlet), Novaia gazeta (independent media outlet belonging to the liberal opposition), and Zavtra (patriotic media outlet belonging to the nationalist opposition). The two independent papers have divergent critical perspectives on reforms. These three Federation-wide newspapers represent the range of political positions that are articulated publicly on non-securitized issues in contemporary Russia.

STiC: A multiatom non-LTE PRD inversion code for full-Stokes solar observations

The inference of the underlying state of the plasma in the solar chromosphere remains extremely challenging because of the nonlocal character of the observed radiation and plasma conditions in this layer. Inversion methods allow us to derive a model atmosphere that can reproduce the observed spectra by undertaking several physical assumptions. The most advanced approaches involve a depth-stratified model atmosphere described by temperature, line-of-sight velocity, turbulent velocity, the three components of the magntic field vector, and gas and electron pressure. The parameters of the radiative transfer equation are computed from a solid ground of physical principles. In order to apply these techniques to spectral lines that sample the chromosphere, nonlocal thermodynamical equilibrium effects must be included in the calculations. We developed a new inversion code STiC (STockholm inversion Code) to study spectral lines that sample the upper chromosphere. The code is based on the RH forward synthesis code, which we modified to make the inversions faster and more stable. For the first time, STiC facilitates the processing of lines from multiple atoms in non-LTE, also including partial redistribution effects (PRD) in angle and frequency of scattered photons. Furthermore, we include a regularization strategy that allows for model atmospheres with a complex depth stratification, without introducing artifacts in the reconstructed physical parameters, which are usually manifested in the form of oscillatory behavior. This approach takes steps toward a node-less inversion, in which the value of the physical parameters at each grid point can be considered a free parameter. In this paper we discuss the implementation of the aforementioned techniques, the description of the model atmosphere, and the optimizations that we applied to the code. We carry out some numerical experiments to show the performance of the code and the regularization techniques that we implemented. We made STiC publicly available to the community.

Shakedown Analysis of Composite Steel-Concrete Frame Systems with Plastic and Brittle Elements Under Seismic Action

In this paper the earthquake analysis of composite steel-concrete frames is performed by finding solution of the optimization problem of shakedown analysis, which takes into account the nonlinear properties of materials. The constructions are equipped with systems bearing structures of various elastic-plastic and brittle elements absorbing energy of seismic actions. A mathematical model of this problem is presented on the base of limit analysis theory with partial redistribution of self-stressed internal forces. It is assumed that the load varies randomly within the specified limits. These limits are determined by the possible direction and magnitude of seismic loads. The illustrative example of such analysis of system is introduced. Some attention has been paid to the practical application of the proposed mathematical model.