Food crisis in fast-growing Turkmenistan

Since the beginning of the 21st century, Turkmenistan’s economy has been growing very fast, which has been primarily generated through the extractive sector and construction industry. After the energy price collapse in mid-2014, the country has recorded a shortage of foreign currency. The authoritarian regime passed currency and economic problems onto the society. As a result, the country has experienced the most severe food crisis in its history. The main aim of the paper is to identify the reasons behind the food crisis in Turkmenistan. The paper tries to answer the following question: how did it happen that people in one of the fastest-growing countries in the 21st century have been suffering from food shortages? The study is based on data retrieved from the World Bank Open Data, ILOSTAT, and Observatory of Economic Complexity, as well as a critical review of independent news websites. The food crisis in Turkmenistan was primarily caused by hyperinflation and rationing basic groceries at preferential prices, wage arrears, cutting salaries of state employees to fund construction projects in progress, group layoffs of state employees, growing difficulties in running a private business, and depriving people of the possibility to exchange the currency at the official rate. The end of a free provision of Turkmenistan’s population with electricity, gas, and drinking water has further deepened the crisis.

Oman will struggle to balance social and fiscal needs

Significance The additional income is being partly used to direct support to poorer segments of society. However, this has not ended the mounting popular pressure for accelerated change. The main demands, expressed on social media platforms, include expedited employment and fiscal relief programmes, curbs on government bureaucracy and limits to the number of state-owned enterprises competing with the private sector. Impacts The high-employment tourism and construction sectors could be slow to recover post-pandemic and manufacturing may take a hit. Saudi and Emirati investment offers benefits but conditions could strain Oman’s policy of regional neutrality. Difficulties in accessing credit for non-state employees will keep people focused on seeking government jobs.

Stressful Life Events for State Employees

There is no doubt that the stressful events and situations that the individual is exposed to affect his psychological structure in the context of his relationship with the social environment in which he lives, so that it has become the cornerstone of psychosomatic disorders, which leads him to feel distress, frustration, depression, anxiety and other negative emotions, in addition to It leads to inappropriate behavioral responses such as introversion and self-restriction, avoiding social interaction with others, and feeling alienated so that life becomes meaningless for him. stressful life events have negative effects on human mental health, especially on state employees, the researcher resorted to carrying out the current study, which aimed to: 1- The stressful life events of state employees. 2- The significance of the differences in stressful life events for state employees according to the gender variable (males - females). In order to achieve this, the researcher built a measure of stressful life events consisting of (36) items, distributed over three areas based on the theory of cognitive appreciation of the world (Lazarus), and a sample of (400) employees from the Ministry of Education was drawn, and after it extracted The validity and reliability coefficients of the stressful life events scale items, and then analyzing the sample answers, the research results showed the following: A - The research sample does not have a level of stressful life events. B - There is no effect of gender on the high level of stressful life events for the research sample.

Legal Problems Aspects of the Immunity and Its Impact On Criminal Responsibility According to Omani Legislation

The study discusses the legal problem of immunities that affected the criminal responsibility of individuals in the Omani judiciary. Undoubtedly, this is due to a legislative shortcoming on the one hand and a misunderstanding on the other hand of the provisions of immunity, which contributed to its exploitation, abuse and invocation as a vehicle for the commission of personal crimes, as well as On the problems arising originally from deciding the immunity of certain categories of state employees, which led to their conflicting interests with the interests of the victim, and their impunity. Therefore, the researcher will explain the aspects of the Omani legislator’s treatment of immunity and the texts it decided starting from the basic system of the state issued by decree Royal Decree No. (101/96) and repealed with the issuance of the statute in force under Royal Decree No. (6/2021), then other laws, regulations and decisions implementing them, dealing with the concept of immunity, its types, legal nature and basis, and the problems arising from it. By extrapolating the provisions of immunity in Omani legislation and its applications, it became clear to the researcher that there are some shortcomings in its organization, which contributed to its misunderstanding and exploitation and sharpened the idea of ​​immunity for what it was decided for, as well as the existence of practical problems of immunity that affected criminal responsibility, on a shift that calls for reconsideration and the categories that decided Despite the legislator’s intervention by Royal Decree No. (3/2014) regarding defining the concept of immunity and the scope of its application, the need is still urgent to find a more accurate regulation and more precise provisions clarifying the issue of immunity, in addition to the necessity of restricting its use without the current uses.

Mehrsprachigkeit in der Bildung in Deutschland – eine Diskursanalyse

Multilingualism in Education in Germany – a Discourse Analysis. In the Republic of Germany, language acquisition for children with a mother tongue other than German has been a widely discussed topic in education science as well as in public and political discourse over the last decades. Annual studies on preschool and primary education point to the ongoing disadvantage – or even discrimination – suffered by multilingual children in the German education system. Given Germany’s history as a country of immigration, and in light of recent public discussions on the increased immigration of refugees, the question of the problematic’s socio-political background arises. This leads to the issue of linguistic concepts among society and their influence on domestic language policies. This article presents analysis of discourse around languagepolitical concepts and practices among stakeholders in language promotion in the state of North-Rhine Westphalia. Five semi-structured interviews with state employees were analysed following a discourse analytical approach. The analysis, deploying frameworks from the field of Critical Discourse Analysis, focused on the discursive practice of legitimation in the evaluation of multilingualism. Multilingualism as a phenomenon in society appeared to be evaluated according to differing standards (for example correctness or properness) depending on the language. As for evaluation, the analysis indicated an additional dimension in discourse which assigns different groups of speakers a belonging to particular languages. All in all, the collected data pointed to a diverse and ever-changing discourse in the field of language promotion in North-Rhine Westphalia. The presented analysis aims to stimulate a debate and suggests some directions for future research.

New York's Cuomo resigns in response to party pressure

Significance National and state leaders of his Democratic Party had been pressing Cuomo to resign since last week’s publication of a report from State Attorney-General Letitia James detailing his sexual harassment of eleven women, including state employees. Cuomo’s impeachment by the state legislature was looking all but certain by the time he resigned. Impacts Prosecutors in five New York State counties will continue to pursue separate criminal investigations despite Cuomo’s resignation. The State Assembly may complete the impeachment process, despite Cuomo’s resignation, in order to prevent him from running again. Cuomo will continue to talk up his liberal polices, his opposition to Donald Trump, and his leadership during the pandemic.

Balance of private and public in the use of personal data in the digital network space

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to ensure the comprehensive protection of citizens’ personal data, since their disclosure can lead to significant reputational or financial damage. In this context, the analysis of the boundaries of public and private in public consciousness takes on a special meaning. In a mass and expert survey conducted on this issue, it was found that almost 2/3 of citizens were faced with the misuse of confidential information on the Internet. But most experts and participants in the mass survey are aware that Internet sites, social networks and search engines can collect data for web analytics. At the same time, most participants in the study consider it possible to transmit personal data to the authorities in a generalized form for making managerial decisions about the place of residence, age, marital situation, education and gender; the most closed for analysis were information on purchases and spending, geolocation and health. The privacy regime in social networks depends on the level of publicity of a person: for state employees, members of parties and public associations, representatives of science and education, it is higher than for ordinary citizens (for them it depends on knowledge of such a possibility of setting social networks). Most experts and ordinary citizens supported the possibility of introducing a ban on the disclosure on the Internet and social networks of information about service for military and police personnel, while similar measures are considered unacceptable for government officials, municipal employees, representatives of the public sector and deputies; only regarding judges, the opinion of the population and experts did not coincide: the former consider not acceptable, and the latter – possible. It can be assumed that the digitalization of society does not aggravate the problem of demarcation of private and public. However, a key tool for distinguishing between personal and public in the media space is the creation of a special regulatory framework.

The Effect of Work Motivation and Compensation on the Non-State Employees’ Work Performance with Work Satisfaction as Intervening Variables at the National Land Agency, the Regency of Bekasi

This study aimed to examine and analyze the effect of work motivation and compensation on the employees’ work performance with job satisfaction as an intervening variable conducted at the National Land Agency, the Regency of Bekasi. The research used a quantitative descriptive method with a sample of 103 respondents out of a population consisting of 140 employees. Meanwhile, the data analysis was conducted using the coefficient of determination and simultaneous coefficient. Based on the study results, it reveals that (i) job motivation partially has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, (ii) compensation partially has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, (iii) job motivation partially has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, performance, (iv) compensation partially have a positive and significant effect on work performance, (v) job satisfaction partially has a positive and significant effect on work performance, (vi) work motivation and compensation simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, (vii) work motivation and compensation simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on work performance. The two independent variables, i.e., work motivation and compensation, have a partial effect and can also work together (simultaneously) and have a positive and significant effect which can be proven by all the results of the proven hypotheses.

The Effect of Work Motivation and Compensation on the Non-State Employees’ Work Performance with Work Satisfaction as Intervening Variables at the National Land Agency, the Regency of Bekasi

This study aimed to examine and analyze the effect of work motivation and compensation on the employees’ work performance with job satisfaction as an intervening variable conducted at the National Land Agency, the Regency of Bekasi. The research used a quantitative descriptive method with a sample of 103 respondents out of a population consisting of 140 employees. Meanwhile, the data analysis was conducted using the coefficient of determination and simultaneous coefficient. Based on the study results, it reveals that (i) job motivation partially has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, (ii) compensation partially has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, (iii) job motivation partially has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, performance, (iv) compensation partially have a positive and significant effect on work performance, (v) job satisfaction partially has a positive and significant effect on work performance, (vi) work motivation and compensation simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, (vii) work motivation and compensation simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on work performance. The two independent variables, i.e., work motivation and compensation, have a partial effect and can also work together (simultaneously) and have a positive and significant effect which can be proven by all the results of the proven hypotheses.