A Group’s Level of Defensive Functioning Affects Individual Outcomes in Group Psychodynamic-Interpersonal Psychotherapy

We used an actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) to study the association between the individual group member and other group therapy members’ defensive functioning on an individual group member’s treatment outcome. We hypothesized that (a) more adaptive individual defensive functioning at pretreatment will be significantly related to better treatment outcomes (i.e., lower binge eating and interpersonal distress) at 6 months post-treatment; and (b) more adaptive other group members’ defensive functioning at pretreatment will be significantly related to better treatment outcomes at 6 months post-treatment. Participants (N = 136) were individuals with BED enrolled in group psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy (GPIP). Participants completed attachment interviews and were assessed on interpersonal distress and days binged at pre-treatment and 6 months post-treatment. The interview audio recordings were transcribed and used to code defensive functioning. We found that individual overall defensive functioning (ODF) scores at pretreatment were not significantly associated with binge-eating frequency or interpersonal distress at 6 months post treatment. Other group members’ mean ODF scores at pretreatment were significantly associated with individual interpersonal distress at 6 months post-treatment. However, the other group members’ mean ODF scores were not significantly associated with individual binge-eating outcomes at 6 months post treatment. Defensive functioning of other members of a therapy group may be particularly important for improving interpersonal functioning in individuals with BED.

A healthy dietary pattern with a low inflammatory potential reduces the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus

Purpose An optimal diet for lowering the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still to be defined, but may comprise of nutrient intakes, dietary patterns, diet quality, and eating frequency. This study was designed to investigate the contribution of diet in developing GDM in a comprehensive way. Methods The dietary intake of overweight or obese women, a risk group for GDM (n = 351), was assessed using 3-day food diaries and diet quality questionnaires in early pregnancy. Eating frequency and nutrient intakes were calculated, and dietary patterns identified using principal component analysis. The inflammatory potential of the diet was determined by calculating the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and energy-adjusted DII (E-DII™). GDM was diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 gestational weeks. Results Higher adherence to ‘healthier dietary pattern’ characterized by consumptions of vegetables and rye bread associated with a reduced risk of GDM (adjusted OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.11–0.70). Higher E-DII score, indicating pro-inflammatory diet, was associated with a 27% higher risk of GDM (adjusted OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.08–1.49) for each E-DII point. In the evaluation of nutrient intakes, total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and trans fatty acids were higher and fiber lower in women developing GDM compared to women not developing GDM (all p < 0.05). Intakes of total fat, SFAs, and trans fatty acids were also significant predictors for GDM (all p < 0.05). Conclusions The results emphasize the importance of an overall healthy diet and limitation of foods with SFAs, and other nutrients with a high inflammatory potential in reducing the risk of GDM. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01922791, August 14, 2013.

Analysis of Dieting with Gastritis in The Students of Muhammadiyah University Jakarta 2021

Gastritis is an inflammatory process or health problem caused by irritation and infection of the gastric mucosa and submucosa. Gastritis can attack all levels of society from all levels of age and gender. Diet is to provide an overview of the way or behavior taken by a person or group of people in choosing and using the food consumed every day which includes the regularity of eating frequency, meal portions, and the type of food and drink consumed based on social and cultural factors in which they live. According to Riskesdas 2013, the incidence of gastritis in several regions of Indonesia is quite high with a prevalence of 274,369 cases from 238,452,952 inhabitants, it was found that in the city of Surabaya the incidence of gastritis was 31.2%, Denpasar 46% while in Central Java the incidence of gastritis is quite high at 79.6%. Gastritis usually occurs due to irregular eating frequency so that the stomach becomes sensitive when stomach acid increases. It is better for people who have a history of gastric disease not to eat acidic and spicy foods because they can cause gastritis to recur.

Factors Related to Gastritis Events At The Ages 17-21 Years Old in The Work Area of Pesanggrahan Public Health Center (Puskesmas) in 2018

Gastritis that occurs in developing countries is mostly experienced by young people with a predominant age of 20 years. The recurrence experienced can increase the risk of developing a disease that is more dangerous and difficult to cure, even causing death. This study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of gastritis at the age of 17-21 years in the work area of ​​the Pesanggrahan Public Health Center in 2018. This study uses a quantitative type of research with a Case-Control study design. The population in this study were patients aged 17-21 years at the Pesanggrahan Public Health Center for the period June-August 2018. Cases were patients diagnosed with gastritis and controls were non-gastritis patients. Cases and controls were selected by accidental sampling technique as many as 50 people with a ratio of 1:1. Data were collected through interviews and analysis using the Chi-Square test with a value of = 0.05. The study showed that there was a relationship between several risk factors and the incidence of gastritis, including gender (OR=2,986, 95% CI = 2,680-3,654), knowledge (OR= 2,528, 95% CI=1,112-5,744), eating frequency (OR=9,333, 95% CI =1,121-77,704), Meal Time Interval (OR=5,670, 95%CI=2,144-14,997), Frequency of Drinking Tea (OR=2,923, 95% CI =1,245-6.865), Frequency of Spicy (OR=3.407, 95% CI =1.401-8.285), Frequency of Acid Eating (OR=1.196, 95% CI =1.801-2.478), Frequency of Instant Noodles (OR=10.444, 95% CI =2.855-38.211) while the risk factors which are not related to the incidence of gastritis are education, frequency of drinking coffee, frequency of drinking soda. It is necessary to improve health programs such as education, health promotion targeting teenagers in schools.

Food consumption patterns among university students in Indonesia during the transition period in new Normal Era of Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 outbreak that occurred in Indonesia affected all aspects of community life, including students, especially in food consumption patterns. Our study aims to investigate the differences in eating habits of health and non-health students during the transition period to the new normal era. This study used a cross-sectional design with a sample of 5,924 students. The questionnaire was in the form of an e-survey with a google form. The students' diet was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The Mann Whitney test was used to analyze the differences in dietary patterns between health and non-health majors. There was a significant difference in student consumption patterns including daily eating habits (p = 0.002), consumption of animal side dishes (p = 0.000), vegetable consumption (p = 0.000), water consumption (p = 0.000), changes in eating frequency (p = 0.013) and changes in the amount of food consumed (p = 0.008). There were differences in consumption patterns between students majoring in health and non-health during the transition period. A good diet is needed in increasing immunity in students during the transition period.

Targeting dietary restraint to reduce binge eating: a randomised controlled trial of a blended internet- and smartphone app-based intervention

Background Existing internet-based prevention and treatment programmes for binge eating are composed of multiple distinct modules that are designed to target a broad range of risk or maintaining factors. Such multi-modular programmes (1) may be unnecessarily long for those who do not require a full course of intervention and (2) make it difficult to distinguish those techniques that are effective from those that are redundant. Since dietary restraint is a well-replicated risk and maintaining factor for binge eating, we developed an internet- and app-based intervention composed solely of cognitive-behavioural techniques designed to modify dietary restraint as a mechanism to target binge eating. We tested the efficacy of this combined selective and indicated prevention programme in 403 participants, most of whom were highly symptomatic (90% reported binge eating once per week). Method Participants were randomly assigned to the internet intervention (n = 201) or an informational control group (n = 202). The primary outcome was objective binge-eating frequency. Secondary outcomes were indices of dietary restraint, shape, weight, and eating concerns, subjective binge eating, disinhibition, and psychological distress. Analyses were intention-to-treat. Results Intervention participants reported greater reductions in objective binge-eating episodes compared to the control group at post-test (small effect size). Significant effects were also observed on each of the secondary outcomes (small to large effect sizes). Improvements were sustained at 8 week follow-up. Conclusions Highly focused digital interventions that target one central risk/maintaining factor may be sufficient to induce meaningful change in core eating disorder symptoms.

Dietary Habits of Female University Students in Eastern Slovakia in the Context of Sports Activity

(1) Background: The aim of the research was to expand the current knowledge about the diets of female university students in relation to the frequency of their sports activity (SA). We were specifically interested in the eating frequency, the distribution of the amount of food during the day, including breakfast in the diet, and the timing of dinner before bedtime. (2) Methods: The sample in this cross-sectional research consisted of 1055 female freshmen university students from the two universities in eastern Slovakia. Data were obtained through a set of selected questions from a questionnaire battery. (3) Results: We found a significant rank–order correlation between the frequency of meals during the day and the level of SA, as well as between the consumption of breakfast and SA. Furthermore, we found a significant indirect dependence on the distribution of meals during the day and SA. The results indicate a better dietary pattern of the more active female students in terms of the frequency of meals. (4) Conclusions: “The healthy behaviour”, which includes proper diet and regular SA, was monitored in the cross-sectional research we conducted, the results of which consistently point to opportunities for further improvement. There is a need for universities to develop professionally targeted programmes that will enable novice students to modify their health behaviours during their studies.

Insights of healthcare providers and patients on implementation of dietary/lifestyle intervention for reversal of obesity and type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study

Background: A diet plan that includes limiting eating frequency to twice a day along with other lifestyle modification was implemented as part of a campaign for diabetes reversal. The objective of this study was to identify facilitators and barriers to practice of this self-management regime among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) living in urban communities.Methods: Participants included purposively sampled 10 diabetics recruited from 12 Diabetes Reversal Centres (DRCs) located across Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Gujarat in India. Additionally, healthcare providers (including 10 doctors and 10 coordinators) from these centres were interviewed. Data collection employed in-depth interviews using structured interview guides. Thematic data analysis was undertaken to identify themes.Results: Continued rapport and supervisory role of the healthcare providers in the DRCs was the key facilitator in helping patients to assume responsibility and adhere to the diet regime for self-management. Visible reduction in sugar levels and body weight were other rewarding benefits that motivated sustained compliance. Social and cultural aspects (including social functions and formalities) was a perceived barrier that interfered with adherence to diet regime and goals. A common suggestion from both the healthcare providers and patients was the need to expand this initiative through capitalizing on use of relevant technological devices.Conclusions: In conclusion, a self-management patient model where there is continued and active involvement of healthcare providers through all stages is a recipe for success. However, this initiative can be further strengthened through complementing it with individualized, context-driven solutions to address the barriers.

Eating Speed, Eating Frequency, and Their Relationships with Diet Quality, Adiposity, and Metabolic Syndrome, or Its Components

Excess body weight is a major global health concern, particularly due to its associated increased health risks. Several strategies have been proposed to prevent overweight and obesity onset. In the past decade, it has been suggested that eating speed/rate and eating frequency might be related to obesity. The main aim of this narrative review was to summarize existing evidence regarding the impact of eating speed/rate and eating frequency on adiposity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), or diet quality (DQ). For this purpose, a literature search of observational and interventional trials was conducted between June and September 2020 in PubMed and Web of Sciences databases, without any data filters and no limitations for publication date. Results suggest that children and adults with a faster eating speed/rate may be associated with a higher risk of developing adiposity, MetS or its components. Furthermore, a higher eating frequency could be associated with diet quality improvement, lower adiposity, and lower risk of developing MetS or its components. Further interventional trials are warranted to clarify the mechanism by which these eating behaviors might have a potential impact on health.

A distinct parabrachial–to–lateral hypothalamus circuit for motivational suppression of feeding by nociception

The motivation to eat is not only shaped by nutrition but also competed by external stimuli including pain. How the mouse hypothalamus, the feeding regulation center, integrates nociceptive inputs to modulate feeding is unclear. Within the key nociception relay center parabrachial nucleus (PBN), we demonstrated that neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamus (LHPBN) are nociceptive yet distinct from danger-encoding central amygdala–projecting (CeAPBN) neurons. Activation of LHPBN strongly suppressed feeding by limiting eating frequency and also reduced motivation to work for food reward. Refined approach-avoidance paradigm revealed that suppression of LHPBN, but not CeAPBN, sustained motivation to obtain food. The effect of LHPBN neurons on feeding was reversed by suppressing downstream LHVGluT2 neurons. Thus, distinct from a circuit for fear and escape responses, LHPBN neurons channel nociceptive signals to LHVGluT2 neurons to suppress motivational drive for feeding. Our study provides a new perspective in understanding feeding regulation by external competing stimuli.