Conceptualising and enforcing the right to quality education for minorities and disadvantaged groups: reflections on the Campaign for Fiscal Equity litigation

This chapter examines how the focus on ensuring quality education for all can strengthen both the conceptualisation and enforcement of the right to education for minorities and disadvantaged groups, considering the Campaign for Fiscal Equity litigation in the New York State courts as a case study. The Campaign for Fiscal Equity litigation, which dealt with the constitutionality of New York State's education financing scheme, clearly demonstrates the strategic value that a human rights-based assessment of quality holds for ensuring equality in education provision. While the plaintiffs' argument based on education equality failed, their successful claim based on education adequacy indirectly helped to ensure a more equitable allocation of funding to public schools in New York City. The litigation also shows the close link and challenges between the conceptualisation of the right to quality education and the court's role when enforcing it.

POLA KONSUMSI PANGAN, AKTIVITAS FISIK, RIWAYAT PENYAKIT, RIWAYAT DEMENSIA KELUARGA, DAN KEJADIAN DEMENSIA PADA LANSIA DI PANTI WERDHA TRESNA BOGOR

<p>The objective of this study were to analyze the patterns of food consumption, physical activity, history of disease, family history of dementia, and incidence of dementia in elderly in Werdha Tresna, nursing home, Bogor. Research design was cross sectional study with 42 elderly as subjects. The results showed that there were significant correlation between the level of education, adequacy of level vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin C, history of diabetes and physical activity with incidence of dementia in elderly (p&lt;0.05). There were no significant correlation between age, adequacy of level folic acid, history of hypertension, and family history of dementia with incidence of dementia in elderly (p&gt;0.05).<br /><br /></p>

Adequacy Cost Studies: Perspectives on the State of the Art

In recent years, state legislatures, state education departments, and advocacy groups in more than thirty states have sponsored education adequacy studies, which aim to determine objectively the amount of funding needed to provide all students with a meaningful opportunity for an adequate education. Based on a detailed analysis of judicial and other critiques of the state of the art of “costing-out” studies, this policy brief recommends specific mechanisms for defining the outcome standards for these studies, more precise means for identifying the extent to which students with special needs require extra resources, ways to minimize political bias and manipulations, and the use of “quality education models” to integrate efficiency and accountability considerations into the basic cost analysis. More extensive public engagement and continuing judicial oversight will be necessary to ensure the credibility and legitimacy of the ultimate judgments that result from these studies.