Well Log Petrophysical Analysis and Fluid Characterization of Reservoirs, Rio Del Rey Basin, Cameroon (West African Margin, Gulf of Guinea)

The quick-look and gas chromatography analyses were used for formation evaluation of four depth intervals in a well (well A) located within the offshore of the Rio Del Rey basin. The results show 3 water reservoirs (R1 to R3) and 1 hydrocarbon reservoir (R4). The quick-look reveals that the hydrocarbon (oil and gas) reservoir is a shaley sandstone or a radioactive sandstone located between 4898-4932 Mmd which is filled by oil and gas and with a good porosity. The chromatographic gas ratio analysis reveals that the hydrocarbon reservoir is filled by a productive gas which may be a wet gas. The result provided by the gas chromatography is a false result probably due to its limitation which is that the hydrocarbon component must exist at the gaseous phase (C1-C5) to be detected and analyzed. The gas chromatography based its analysis only in the C1 to C5 range, in oil we have from C1 to C8.

A Study on Energy Saving Potential of the Ground System in Oil Field Considering the Light Hydrocarbon Component

The dissolution of light components in crude oil would increase its saturated vapor pressure, and easy to produce losses during the storage and transportation process. However, the crude oil containing light hydrocarbons has better flowing properties and rheological properties under low temperature. Compared with degassed crude oil, the viscosity, yield stress and freezing point of dissolved-gas crude oil have been improved obviously. On the basis of analyzing energy consumption of the gathering system and total energy cost of pipeline operation, the improved gathering and transportation process without the device in stabilizing crude oil will be considered. The new process mode not only makes the overall upstream of the gathering and transportation system be airtight, but also has the advantages of simple process, less equipment, high degree of automation and convenient management. It helps to form an integrated three-links structure among joint station, pipeline and refinery, which is of a huge energy-saving potential to the environment and safe operation of the gathering and transportation system with crude oil pipelines.

THE POTENTIAL BIODEGRADATION HYDROCARBONS OF PETROLEUM SLUDGE WASTE BY CELL BIOMASS SPONGE Callysppongia sp.

The toxicity of petroleum sludge is a serious threat to marine life. Necessary concrete steps petroleum contamination reduction through a search of potential marine materials degrade toxic components hydrocarbons. The sponge is one potential material reducing toxic properties of petroleum contamination. The research objective was to determine the potential Callyspongia sp sponge against the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon sludge. Four variations of treatment used to determine the potential of sponge biomass, namely: the treatment I, II, III and IV. Indicators degradation is the formation of gas, the smell fermentation, pH changes and increase in the absorbance of the suspension of media degradation. The level degradation each treatment is determined gravimetric method and the known hydrocarbon component changes by using GC-MS. Unidentified gas, the smell of fermentation and changes in media of pH on average degradation occurs on the 15 days of contact for all treatments. Data showed degradation occurs absorbance maximum at 20- 25 days to contact. The highest degradation rates indicated by IV treatment (26.93 %), III (24.84 %), II (22.59 %), and I: (18.20 %). Found 20 kinds of components in the waste sludge aliphatic petroleum to form a homologous series nC10-nC30, and two aromatic components, namely the 2.7-dimethyl naphthalene and 1.4-dimethyl azulene. Callyspongia sp sponge biomass concluded at the highest IV treatment degrading aliphatic hydrocarbons, then treatment III, II and I, while the aromatic components are not degraded by biomass Callyspongia sp sponge at all treatments

Mikrosimbion Spons Callyspongia Sp. Sebagai Biomaterial Pendegradasi Hidrokarbon Limbah Sludge Minyak Bumi

Sponges one marine natural wealth of Indonesia, mostly in symbiosis with microorganisms, and potential as biomaterials degrading hydrocarbon component. The research objective is to reduce the nature of toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic petroleum sludge. The method used, namely: interaction microsymbiont against petroleum sludge on the variation of contact time and the addition of nutrients NPK treatment and supply oxygen to the Shaker, is expected to degrade the hydrocarbon components in the waste SMB. Biomaterials degrading used is Bacillus subtilis strain BAB-1684, is a sponge microsymbiont Callyspongia sp, obtained in petroleum waste contaminated area around the refinery Melawai Beach Balikpapan, while the degradation of sludge as an object obtained from PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia, Dumai-Riau. Degradation indicators were observed, namely: optical density (λ = 600 nm); pH; the level of degradation; retention time; abundance of components; and the concentration of hydrocarbons before and after contact was measured using GC-MS. The results obtained, namely: the highest optical density of 0.654 absorbance, pH change media degradation 7 to 6, the maximum degradation rate reached 35.42% with a contact time of 30 days. The decline in the retention time of going to 20 different kinds of component aliphatic and aromatic identified two types, and achieved the highest degraded hydrocarbon component after contact for 25 days. Conclusion, Bacillus subtilis strain BAB-1684 can degrade aliphatic and aromatic components of waste SMB. The optimum point analysis of indicators reached on a contract period of 25 days

Hydrocarbons Recovery From Model-Kerogen Nanopores

Summary Existing strategies for oil and gas recovery are designed on the basis of macroscopic properties of the produced hydrocarbon fluids. However, recent studies on source rocks revealed that properties of fluids stored in nanopores of the organic constituent material kerogen deviate from the bulk behavior. Hence, the traditional equation-of-state (EOS) and fluid-properties correlations are no longer applicable. This, in turn, leads to added uncertainties in hydrocarbon-in-place and recovery calculations for the source rocks that are rich in kerogen. In this paper, we seek to address the question at a fundamental level from the thermodynamics standpoint by simulating isothermal expansion of a quinary hydrocarbon mixture in a model nanopore under typical subsurface conditions, and measuring the fluid composition and amount. Molecular Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate the equilibrium relationship between the bulk fluid at the outside of the pore and the remaining mixture inside during the stages of pressure depletion. The fluid stored in nanopores shows a composition that varies significantly with the pore size. The smaller the pore is, the heavier becomes the mixture that is in equilibrium with the bulk fluid. During the depletion, the small hydrocarbon molecules escape readily from the pores. The composition of the remaining fluid inside the pore thus becomes progressively heavier and viscous. We show that nanopore confinement significantly limits the release of hydrocarbon molecules from the pores with sizes smaller than 10 nm. For each hydrocarbon component, a strong correlation exists between molar fractions of the component in the produced fluid with that which remained inside the pore. This correlation can serve in future studies as the basis for establishing alternative methods for reservoir-engineering calculations, such as the ultimate recovery.