Confessionalisation as a Prelude to Sectarianisation

This chapter notes the parallels between the well-studied process of confessionalization in Europe and an equivalent process that took place in the Islamic World. This latter process entailed the articulation of doctrine and ritual and the development of a religious establishment. The chapter looks at various stages of confessionalization within Sunnism and Shi’ism. It also addresses how the Ottoman–Safavid conflict accelerated the Ottomans’ development of a Sunni jurisprudential establishment based on Hanafism, even as the Shahs in Iran were building their own Imami Shi’i institution. Both institutions were hierarchical and enjoyed a division of functions between the army, the judiciary, and the fatwa-issuing apparatus. They were also closely involved in disciplining and socializing the population. Therefore, the chapter observes how the religious establishment plays an important role in the formation of a community of religion: it defines the creed, articulates it in a way comprehensible to the masses, links it with practices that invoke its historical narrative, and provides it with a canonical interpretation. It also Provides and analyses examples of confessionalization , sectionalization and sectionalization of confessions via ethnic conflict.

DISCUSSIONS OF RESEARCHERS ON CHURCH PUNISHMENT IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

Целью статьи является изучение взглядов учёных и публицистов второй половины XIX - начала ХХ в. на сущность церковных наказаний. В середине XIX в. церковные наказания имели каноническую трактовку как средства религиозного перевоспитания и исцеления личности, возвращения «на истинный путь» преступника. Уже в начале ХХ в. под влиянием идей естественного права, веротерпимости и свободы совести, произошел переход к пониманию церковных наказаний как карательных инструментов «полицейского государства». Их целью являлось устрашение личности, пресечение и предупреждение религиозных преступлений. Анализируя светское и церковное законодательство, юристы и учные того времени старались адаптировать существующие репрессивные методы к прогрессивным веяниям эпохи. The purpose of the article is to study the views of scientists and publicists of the second half of the XIX - early XX century. on the essence of church punishments. In the middle of the XIX century. church punishments had a canonical interpretation as a means of religious re-education and healing of the individual, and the return of the criminal to the «true path». Already at the beginning of the twentieth century, under the influence of the ideas of natural law, religious tolerance and freedom of conscience, there was a transition to the understanding of church punishments as punitive instruments of the «police state». Their purpose was to intimidate the individual, suppress and prevent religious crimes. Analyzing secular and church legislation, lawyers and scientists of that time tried to adapt the existing repressive methods to the progressive trends of the era.

Der eigentliche Heidegger. Kontinuität statt „Kehre“

Although it is one of the indispensable standards of relevant research that Heidegger shortly after Being and Time made a „turn“ („Kehre“) in the development of his thinking, it can be shown that this is merely due to a misunderstanding or misinterpretation that began in 1949/50 with an at least incorrect reading of the corresponding passage in the Letter of Humanism. But if this legend of research can be proven as such, the question arises as to what consequences this will have for the comprehension of Heidegger’s thinking, for it is said that with the „turn“, the transcendental approach was given up in favor of an aletheiological one with which it was possible for Heidegger to overcome subjectivism. In rejection of this by now equally canonical interpretation scheme it is shown here that the aletheiological approach is merely a recourse to conceptions important to Heidegger even before Being and Time and that after the failure of its third section – Time and Being – subjectivistic features were rather transferred, partially into a being that was increasingly thought of as an active one, partially into concepts like that of the „first thinker“ („erster Denker“) or the „messenger of being“ („Botenganger des Seins“). All in all, it is argued that the paradigm of „Heidegger‘ s turn“ should be abandoned in order to enable an unobstructed view on Heidegger’s thinking.

Modern Architecture and Luxury: Aesthetics and the Evolution of the Modern Subject

A book review of Robin Schuldenfrei, Luxury and Modernism: Architecture and the Object in Germany 1900–1933 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018). This book challenges the canonical interpretation of two of the most revered institutions in the history of modern architecture—the Werkbund and the Bauhaus—and presents a critical interpretation of the relationship between modern architecture and luxury, which first appeared a generation ago.

Modern Architecture and Luxury: Aesthetics and the Evolution of the Modern Subject

A book review of Robin Schuldenfrei, Luxury and Modernism: Architecture and the Object in Germany 1900–1933 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018). This book challenges the canonical interpretation of two of the most revered institutions in the history of modern architecture—the Werkbund and the Bauhaus—and presents a critical interpretation of the relationship between modern architecture and luxury, which first appeared a generation ago.

Modern Architecture and Luxury: Aesthetics and the Evolution of the Modern Subject

A book review of Robin Schuldenfrei, Luxury and Modernism: Architecture and the Object in Germany 1900–1933 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018). This book challenges the canonical interpretation of two of the most revered institutions in the history of modern architecture—the Werkbund and the Bauhaus—and presents a critical interpretation of the relationship between modern architecture and luxury, which first appeared a generation ago.

Lluís Pericot y la civilización sumeria

Resumen En el presente artículo presentamos un trabajo inédito del arqueólogo e historiador español Lluís Pericot García sobre los sumerios, escrito en 1917. En dicho trabajo Pericot esbozó la que iba a ser su interpretación canónica acerca de las características de la civilización sumeria: origen dravídico, interés por el desarrollo político de las ciudades-estado sumerias durante el III milenio a.n.e., prioridad cultural sumeria en el ámbito del Próximo Oriente Antiguo. Como se comprobará a lo largo del artículo, esas tres constantes planteadas en 1917 se repitieron en todas las aproximaciones posteriores de Pericot sobre ese tema. Palabras Claves Bosch Gimpera, drávidas, semitas, Orientalística Antigua. Abstract In this article we examine an unpublished work by the Spanish archaeologist and historian Lluís Pericot García on the Sumerians written in 1917. In that work, Pericot outlined what was to be his canonical interpretation of the main features of the Sumerian civilization, that is, Dravidian origins, political development of the Sumerian city-states during the III millennium BC, and Sumerian cultural priority in the Ancient Near East. As will be verified throughout the article, these three aspects pointed out in 1917 were reproduced in all of Pericot’s later approaches on that subject. Key words Bosch Gimpera, Dravidian people, Semites, Ancient Near Eastern Studies.