The Silent Witness Project as Rhetorical Hybrid: Toward a Theory of Collective Mourning

Public, visual displays, that aid in the mourning process and summon viewers into action, constitute a rhetorical hybrid that combines epideictic and deliberative rhetoric. This essay suggests a theory of collective mourning that seeks to explain the rhetorical import and function of these multimedia, public displays. The combination of form and content allows the critic to understand how the epideictic and deliberative function in this genre of discourse. After explaining the theory, a case study of the Silent Witness Project follows.

The Impotent Leader and The Legacy of the Church

When a leader leaves office, the leader becomes impotent, divested of power. This makes the actual moment of farewell a particularly interesting case study in leadership, as the farewell moment marks the transition of power from one leader to another. Many leaders use the point of departure as an opportunity to articulate the legacy of the institution they leave behind. This article offers a rhetorical and theological analysis of the farewell sermon delivered by former presiding bishop of the Church of Norway, Helga Haugland Byfuglien in January 2020, and a shorter, comparative analysis of the equivalent farewell sermon of the former Archbishop of the Church of Sweden, Anders Wejryd (2014). The article analyses how Byfuglien and Wejryd conceptualize the legacy of the church with the use of epideictic and deliberative rhetoric (rhetorical analysis) and discuss what kind of legacy (theological analysis and discussion) they promote. The article argues that both Byfuglien and Wejryd use the farewell sermon as a rhetorical opportunity to articulate the church`s legacy for the future, although their own formal power to execute that legacy is coming to an end. Byfuglien appeals to a diaconal vision of the church`s legacy, with a tendency to emphasize the church`s welcoming and inclusive character. Wejryd addresses the current ecclesiological situation in more detail. By assessing the church`s numerical decline and changed societal status as a crisis, he mainly appeals to the church`s missional legacy. The article concludes that the farewell sermons of both Byfuglien and Wejryd may be interpreted as a sort of inheritance dispute, or better heritage dispute: In their farewell sermons, the departing bishops present their last(ing) act of leadership, appealing to the audience to commit to a particular vision of the church`'s legacy.

Representasi Konsep Retorika Persuasif Aristoteles dalam Pidato Ismail Haniyah untuk Umat Islam Indonesia

<p><em>Abstrak </em>– <strong>Penelitian ini membahas tentang </strong><strong>tentang retorika persuasif dalam pidato Ismail Haniyah untuk umat Islam Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan dan menjelaskan konsep retorika persuasif yang ada pada pidato tersebut. Analisis yang digunakan adalah teori retorika persuasif perspektif Aristoteles. Dalam teori ini terdapat penjelasan terkait retorika yang memiliki tiga jenis, yakni retorika forensik, demonstratif, dan Deliberatif. Prinsip teori ini tercermin dalam konsep <em>The Five Canon of Rhetoric, </em>panduan sekaligus ketentuan yang harus ada dalam pidato persuasif. Kelima ketentuan tersebut berkaitan dengan <em>Inventio/Discovery</em> yang berarti penemuan, <em>Dispositio/Arrangement</em> yang berarti penyusunan,<em> Elocutio/Style</em> yang berarti gaya, <em>Pronuntiatio/Delivery</em> yang berarti penyampaian, dan <em>Memoria/Memory</em> yang berarti mengingat. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk dalam kategori kualitatif-deskriptif dengan menggunakan paradigma interpretatif. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah tonton, simak, dan catat. Seluruh data yang didapat kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model Miles Huberman, yakni pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil berupa 19 temuan data yang berkaitan dengan retorika persuasif dalam pidato Ismail Haniyah untuk umat Islam Idonesia. Dari seluruh data, 6 di antaranya berkaitan dengan jenis reotika persuasif yang mencakup keseluruhan jenis. Sedangkan 13 sisanya berkaitan dengan konsep <em>Five Canon of Rhetoric</em> berdasarkan perspektif Aristoteles.</strong></p><p><em>Abstract – </em><strong>This study discusses persuasive rhetoric in Ismail Haniyah's speech to Indonesian Muslims. The purpose of this study is to find and explain the concept of persuasive rhetoric in the speech. The analysis used is the theory of persuasive rhetoric from Aristotle's perspective. In this theory, there are explanations related to the rhetoric that have three types, namely forensic, demonstrative, and Deliberative rhetoric. The principle of this theory is reflected in the concept of The Five Canon of Rhetoric, a guide as well as a provision that must be present in a persuasive speech. The five provisions are related to <em>Inventio</em> (Discovery), <em>Dispositio</em> (Arrangement), <em>Elocutio</em> (Style), <em>Pronuntiatio</em> (Delivery), and <em>Memoria</em> (Memory). This type of research is included in the qualitative-descriptive category using interpretive paradigms. The techniques used in data collection are watching, listening, and taking notes. All data obtained were then analyzed using the Miles Huberman model, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. This study obtained results in the form of 19 data findings related to persuasive rhetoric in Ismail Haniyah's speech to Indonesian Muslims. Of all the data, 6 of them relate to the type of persuasive rationale which includes all types. While the remaining 13 are related to the concept of the Five Canon of Rhetoric based on Aristotle's perspective.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords -</em></strong><em>Five Canon of Rhetoric</em>, <em>Palestine, persuasive rhetoric, speech<strong></strong></em></p>

Representasi Konsep Retorika Persuasif Aristoteles dalam Pidato Ismail Haniyah untuk Umat Islam Indonesia

<p><em>Abstrak </em>– <strong>Penelitian ini membahas tentang </strong><strong>tentang retorika persuasif dalam pidato Ismail Haniyah untuk umat Islam Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan dan menjelaskan konsep retorika persuasif yang ada pada pidato tersebut. Analisis yang digunakan adalah teori retorika persuasif perspektif Aristoteles. Dalam teori ini terdapat penjelasan terkait retorika yang memiliki tiga jenis, yakni retorika forensik, demonstratif, dan Deliberatif. Prinsip teori ini tercermin dalam konsep <em>The Five Canon of Rhetoric, </em>panduan sekaligus ketentuan yang harus ada dalam pidato persuasif. Kelima ketentuan tersebut berkaitan dengan <em>Inventio/Discovery</em> yang berarti penemuan, <em>Dispositio/Arrangement</em> yang berarti penyusunan,<em> Elocutio/Style</em> yang berarti gaya, <em>Pronuntiatio/Delivery</em> yang berarti penyampaian, dan <em>Memoria/Memory</em> yang berarti mengingat. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk dalam kategori kualitatif-deskriptif dengan menggunakan paradigma interpretatif. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah tonton, simak, dan catat. Seluruh data yang didapat kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model Miles Huberman, yakni pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil berupa 19 temuan data yang berkaitan dengan retorika persuasif dalam pidato Ismail Haniyah untuk umat Islam Idonesia. Dari seluruh data, 6 di antaranya berkaitan dengan jenis reotika persuasif yang mencakup keseluruhan jenis. Sedangkan 13 sisanya berkaitan dengan konsep <em>Five Canon of Rhetoric</em> berdasarkan perspektif Aristoteles.</strong></p><p><em>Abstract – </em><strong>This</strong><strong> study discusses persuasive rhetoric in Ismail Haniyah's speech to Indonesian Muslims. The purpose of this study is to find and explain the concept of persuasive rhetoric in the speech. The analysis used is the theory of persuasive rhetoric from Aristotle's perspective. In this theory</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> there are explanations related to the rhetoric that have three types, namely forensic, demonstrative, and Deliberative rhetoric. The principle of this theory is reflected in the concept of The Five Canon of Rhetoric, a guide as well as a provision that must be present in a persuasive speech. The five provisions are related to <em>Inventio</em> (Discovery), <em>Dispositio</em> (Arrangement), <em>Elocutio</em> (Style), <em>Pronuntiatio</em> (Delivery), and <em>Memoria</em> (Memory). This type of research is included in the qualitative-descriptive category using interpretive paradigms. The techniques used in data collection are watching, listening, and taking notes. All data obtained were then analyzed using the Miles Huberman model, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. This study obtained results in the form of 19 data findings related to persuasive rhetoric in Ismail Haniyah's speech to Indonesian Muslims. Of all the data, 6 of them relate to the type of persuasive rational</strong><strong>e</strong><strong> which includes all types. While the remaining 13 are related to the concept of the Five Canon of Rhetoric based on Aristotle's perspective.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords - </em></strong><em>Five Canon of Rhetoric</em>, <em>Palestine, persuasive rhetoric, speech</em> <strong><em></em></strong></p>

The Impediment of the Passions: The Testimony of Truth (nhc ix,3) as Deliberative Rhetoric Against the Teaching that the Confession of Faith and Baptism are Salvific without Celibacy

The fragmented nature of the Nag Hammadi treatise known as The Testimony of Truth (nhc ix,3) has seriously impeded our interpretation of this remarkable text, the only Nag Hammadi text in which opposing Gnostic Christian groups are identified by name. Nevertheless, in the past decade, this treatise has become an important reference to the early Christian debate about martyrdom. The question should be asked, however, whether the passages cited by scholars have been interpreted correctly, if we have not first understood the rhetorical strategy of the author and the Sitz im Leben of the text. As the speaker advises an audience seeking after the truth, this text is best read as deliberative speech, despite its many lacunae. Viewing the text rhetorically allows us to reconstruct the message of the text, and interpret its arguments accordingly. When this is done, it becomes clear that the author does not try to persuade his audience with respect to martyrdom, but rather with respect to the passions of the soul that could prevent the soul’s salvation. The Sitz im Leben of the text is the shared discussion among Christians in general and Gnostic Christians about the efficacy of testimony and baptism for salvation, and the acceptability of sex and procreation.