E-CMR as a basic condition on fulfillment of obligations under agreement for international carriage of goods by road

The article analyzes the main conditions for the fulfillment of obligations under the contract for the international carriage of goods by road. In addition, the article discusses the role and place of the CMR as evidence of the conclusion of this type of contract, as well as the consequences of the Republic of Uzbekistan joining the e-CMR Additional Protocol and the introduction of this innovation in the process of international transportation of goods by road. The article draws conclusions about the position of the consignee in the contract for the carriage of goods, as well as his responsibility under the contract for the international carriage of goods by road, and it is also determined that the Contract for international carriage serves as a legal basis for the financial liability of the parties in case of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations.

Financial liability stress tests: an approach based on the use of a rating migration matrix

The article addresses the issue of stress testing based on the probability of bankruptcy and a rating migration matrix. The analysis is conducted on a sample of listed companies in Poland in the years 1998–2016, and the forecasts are made for the years 2016–2018. Particular attention is paid to how the variable on which rating migration matrices are developed is defined. Stress tests are carried out on variables derived from rating migration matrices and economic indicators. The study provides information on the methodology for stress testing.

Types and classification of the employee's liability to employer

In the article, the author analyzes the classification of types of material liability of an employee to an employer. The division of full financial liability, depending on the reasons for its occurrence, into contractual (arising in connection with the conclusion of a special written agreement) and non-contractual (arising in all other cases) is given.