Identifying Potential Barriers and Solutions to Patient Partner Compensation (Payment) in Research

Research that engages patients on the research team is often supported by grant funding from different organizations and, in some cases, principal investigators (who control the grant funding) provide patient partners with compensation (or payment) for their contributions. However, we have noted a gap in resources that identify and address barriers to compensating patient partners. In this paper, we present thoughts and experiences related to barriers to compensating patient partners with the goal of helping individuals identify and find solutions to these obstacles.Based on our experiences as individuals who live with chronic conditions and are patient partners, and those who are researchers who engage patient partners, we have identified eight barriers to compensating patient partners. We discuss each of these barriers: lack of awareness about patient partnership, institutional inflexibility, policy guidance from funders, compensation not prioritized in research budgets, leadership hesitancy to create a new system, culture of research teams, preconceived beliefs about the skills and abilities of patient partners, and expectations placed on patient partners. We demonstrate these barriers with real life examples and we offer some solutions. To further demonstrate these barriers, we ask readers to reflect on some scenarios that present realistic parallel situations to those that patient partners face. The intention is to illustrate, through empathy or putting yourself in someone else’s shoes, how we might all do better with respect to institutional barriers related to patient partner compensation. Last, we issue a call to action to share resources and identify actions to overcome these barriers so we can create a resource hub.

PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF PUNISHMENTS FOR FOREST OFFENCES

The purpose of this paper is to determine if the law currently in force is ineffective and thus contributes to the occurrence of forest offences. The paper analyses the punishments under the National Forestry Act 1984 based on the perceptions of related stakeholders on the effectiveness of those punishments in addressing illegal logging and other forest offences. A questionnaire was utilized to obtain responses from 240 purposively selected stakeholders. The collected data were analysed in the context of measures of central tendency to identify the extent to which the respondents agreed with the stated items. The results demonstrate that the law was generally perceived to be acceptable. The findings also identified compensation payment based on the value of tree or wood as the most significant item, while longer imprisonment term was rated as the least significant item.

The Quest for Fairness: An Empirical Examination of the Determinants of Compensation Satisfaction in Ghanaian Mining Communities

This paper examines the determinants of satisfaction of compensation packages in Ghanaian mining communities using survey data and the logit model. The results indicate that an improved and highly improved mining effect on livelihood increases the likelihood of households being satisfied with compensation packages by 19.4 and 24% respectively, while a change in satisfaction with compensation negotiation process from not satisfied to satisfied increases the likelihood of a household being satisfied with compensation package received by 18.8%. Also, a change from low pollution level to moderate or high pollution levels decrease the likelihood of households being satisfied with compensation package received by 9.1% and 11.3% respectively. Furthermore, a change in location from the Obuasi village community to Asutifi, Prestea and Tarkwa village communities increases satisfaction with compensation package by 8.7%, 19.6% and 16.1% respectively. A change in the mean variables will lead to a 14.6 per cent likelihood of a household being satisfied with compensation payment received. We recommend the government to improve compensation negotiation process by educating communities on the compensation regulation. There is a need to economically value assets while strengthening regulatory institutions to enable then properly enforce pollution regulations.

CROP DAMAGE BY WILD BOAR (SUS SCROFA L.) DEPENDING ON THE CROP COMPOSITION IN CENTRAL-EASTERN POLAND

The aim of this study was to analyse the damage caused by wild boar Sus scrofa to crop fields located in the central-eastern Poland in relation with the crop composition. A significant increase in the grassland area and in the area under cultivation of total cereals, vegetables, fruit, and root crops (p ≤ 0.05) was revealed on the study area. The volume of damage caused to legumes, industrial plants, vegetables, and fruit increased simultaneously with the increase in the surface area under these plant groups (p ≤ 0.05). The compensation payment has markedly positively correlated with the damaged area of grassland, cereals, maize, root crops, legumes and an increase in the total damage (p ≤ 0.05). The number of compensations has a significant effect on the number of wild boars harvested on the studied areas (p ≤ 0.05). The number of wild boars and the number of harvested wild boars were strongly negatively correlated with the area of maize cultivation (p ≤ 0.05). The level of wild boar hunting increased markedly simultaneously with the increase in the damage caused by these animals (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, it was shown that the number of harvested wild boars increased considerably with the increase in the number of wild boars on the study area (p ≤ 0.05). The level of damage to cereals, maize, and industrial plants decreased significantly with an increase in the total area and forest area in the study territory (p ≤ 0.05). Keywords: Sus scrofa, impact on crops, damage, recommendations

15 years of implementation of the Act on property left beyond the Bug River: An attempt to summarize

The Act on the Exercise of the Right to Compensation for Property Left Beyond the Current Borders of the Republic of Poland, adopted on 8 July 2005, was intended to complete the process of compensation for real properties left in the former eastern voivodeships of the interwar Republic of Poland. The implementation of the Act lasts for 15 years now and will probably not end before the year 2030. The article addresses the most important factors that have contributed to the prolongation of the compensation payment process, and thus the final settlement of the obligations resting upon Poland towards people who lived on the former Polish territories beyond the Bug River, known in the Polish language as “Zabużanie”. The analysis is based primarily on the information obtained from voivodes (who are the bodies of primary jurisdiction in the proceedings for confirmation of the right to compensation), the Ministry of the State Treasury and the Ministry of the Interior and Administration. An analysis of statement of reasons for the judgements has proven to be essential as well.

Quantitatively Determining the Priorities of Regional Ecological Compensation for Cultivated Land in Different Main Functional Areas: A Case Study of Hubei Province, China

With the rapid economic growth and urbanisation process, a large amount of cultivated land has been permanently transformed into urban land. The protection of cultivated land has received widespread attention, and ecological compensation has been an effective means of restraining the decrease in cultivated land. Different from previous approaches to and methods of studying cultivated land’s ecological compensation, this study proposes a new behavioural perspective. Reasonably determining the priority of ecological compensation and the amount of compensation constitutes the core of building a regional ecological compensation mechanism. On the basis of the main functional area, this paper defines the area of ecological compensation and payment for cultivated land and determines the corresponding order and level by measuring the ecosystem’s service value in Hubei Province. The results show that the order and quantity of ecological compensation for cultivated land are spatially heterogeneous, and that the order and quantity of compensation (payment) in different main functional areas have a certain correlation. That is, when the order of compensation (payment) is higher, the quantity is larger. The results have a certain reference value for the reform of cultivated land’s ecological compensation and the innovation of financial payment mechanisms, particularly in the context of developing countries.

The vehicle routing problem with heterogeneous locker boxes

To achieve logistic efficiency and customer convenience in last-mile delivery processes, a system with alternative delivery points in the form of locker box stations can be used. In such a system, customers can be served either at their home address within a certain time window, or at a locker box station where parcels can be picked up at any time. Customers can get a compensation payment when being served at a locker box. They can have a request of more than one parcel and the parcels can be of different sizes. At a locker box station, a limited number of slots of different sizes is available; we assume that parcels of one customer can be stored together in a slot. We consider the vehicle routing problem with heterogeneous locker boxes, where the total cost—consisting of routing and compensation costs—has to be minimized while taking into account the packing of parcels into locker boxes. We provide a mathematical formulation of the problem and propose a metaheuristic solution method. Instances and results from the literature for the problem with a single parcel and a single slot size are used to benchmark our metaheuristic solution method. For the problem with different sizes, we compare a unit-size model to a multi-size model, packing being considered in the latter. Finally, we analyze how different configurations of locker box stations work for different demand scenarios.

Foreign experience of application of special systems of restitution for damages to health as a result of work accidents and occupational diseases (on the example of Germany and Great Britain) and prospects of borrowing it by Russia

The subject of this research is the legislation and practice of its implementation, as well as the legal doctrine of Russia, Germany and Great Britain on the existing special systems of compensation for damage inflicted to health as a result of work accidents and occupational diseases. The author examines the special systems of restitution for occupational damage that represent starkly different versions of implementation of basic models developed in global practice (Bismarck and Beveridge). Attention is focused on the key issues of compensation for occupational damage using the legal means available in the Russian Federation. Analysis is conducted on the existing foreign experience on the matter. The author’s special contribution to the research of the topic consists in the statement that for establishing balance within the system of restitution for occupational damage it is necessary to clearly demarcate the three types of compensations: guaranteed social security paid from the budget funds in terms of obligations assumed by government  to support vulnerable population groups; obligations in tort recovered from the tortfeasor, considering the grounds and limits of civil liability; insurance payments, which represent partial coverage of inflicted damage based on the terms of insurance contract. The scientific novelty lies in determination of the prospects for improving the national special system of restitution for occupational damage. It is substantiated that in such system the distribution of losses between different types of compensations should be based on the criteria of preferred form of compensation (payment in kind or financial compensation); legal nature of separate elements of reparation (incapacitation, occupational disease, etc.); type of payments (recurring or lump sum), purpose of compensation; calculation of payments.

Land Conversion for Tourism Development under Vietnam’s Ambiguous Property Rights over Land

The paper aims to explore the process of land conversion for tourism development in Vietnam, under the present ambiguous and insecure property rights system. Four case studies in different geographical areas were selected to analyse land conversion and land compensation for tourism projects before and after the implementation of the new land law in 2013. The findings of this study show that, in the present legal system of land and property rights, the rights of local people are not sufficiently guaranteed due to the decisive role of the State not only in defining compensation prices for land in the case of compulsory land acquisition but also in determining whether tourism projects are in the public’s interest or not (thus deciding the appropriate land conversion approach as well as affecting price negotiations). The research also found that, although a voluntary land conversion approach (when the project is not in the public’s interest), based on the 2013 Land Law, offers land users a better negotiation position and a higher compensation payment, possibly reducing land-related conflicts between the State and land users, ambiguity over property rights in fact increased due to the government’s substantial discretion to choose between ‘public purpose’ and ‘economic purpose.’ The paper concludes with questioning whether the present legal basis for compulsory land acquisition is future proof since urbanisation pressure is likely to increase, which may lead to even more land conflicts in the near future.

Copyright Law Protection Competence in Paying Royalty as Exclusive Rights Substance

Copyright is considered as a moving and intangible object; therefore, a copyright devolution cannot be done verbally but must be with an authentic deed or Underhand deed. Problem Identification: 1. How does the song copyright devolution mechanism make economic interest for a composer or Copyright Holder? 2. What is the system of song copyright royalty payment in Indonesia? and 3. What should be done by the parties to resolve the royalty payment execution dispute? It is a normative juridical method that must be used. Research Result: It is true that copyright license mechanism, fee retaining or royalty payment is considered as logic consequences that must be done by a licensee over a licenser (Copyright holder). It is because the licensee gets material profits due to the economic rights exploitation over the copyright itself. There are many varieties or different ways of compensation payment system or indemnification from the licensee to the licenser over one copyright object to another, for instance in song/music is known two different ways such as royalty and flat systems, while in music or song is known several ways, namely by percentage system, period system, profit sharing system, compensation or copyright selling system. Royalty payment dispute resolving may come in many ways, and, generally, the dispute resolving forums are available into two forms, such as litigation forum through courts and non-litigation forum out of court.