The impact of early trans-Eurasian exchange on animal utilization in northern China during 5000–2500 BP

Transcontinental exchange emerged and intensified in northern China since the late fifth millennium BP (Before present), especially in the arc, which was the core area of the eastern part of the trans-Eurasian exchange during the Late Neolithic and the Bronze Age. In the arc, the exchange profoundly affected the human subsistence strategy and human-environment relationship. Relative to the crop patterns and human diets during the Bronze Age in northern China, systematic investigations of zooarcheological data based on broad spatial and temporal framework to understand the influence of introduced livestock and indigenous livestock on human subsistence are lacking. To show the spatial-temporal variation in animal utilization patterns and its relation to prehistoric trans-Eurasian exchange, the zooarcheological data from 40 sites in northern China dated between 5000 and 2500 BP were analyzed. The strategy of animal utilization in northern China changed substantially from 5000 to 2500 BP, with notable spatial features in different chronological phases. From 5000 to 4300 BP, wild mammals and indigenous livestock (pig, dog) use dominated in the arc and the North China Plain (NCP). During 4300–3500 BP, the importance of introduced livestock (cattle, sheep/goat, horse) exceeded that of indigenous livestock in the arc, whereas indigenous livestock continued to dominate in the NCP. Indigenous livestock acted as the most important animal subsistence in northern China, although the exploitation of introduced livestock increased during 3500–2000 BP. These spatio-temporal differences in animal utilization appear to be closely associated with the prehistoric trans-Eurasian exchange, but were also affected by local environment, agriculture development, and climate change.

Potensi dan Pemanfaatan Satwa liar di kampung Pasir Putih kabupaten Fakfak Papua Barat

Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara megabiodiversiti terutama jenis mamalia, reptilian dan avifauna. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui intensitas pemanfaatan satwa liar di kampung Pasir Putih, Distrik Fakfak Tengah, Kabupaten Fakfak. Dalam penelitian ini objek pengamatan adalah potensi dan pemanfaatan satwa liar di kampung Pasir Putih Kabupaten Fakfak. Variabel pengamatan yang digunakan meliputi informasi dasar tentang jenis satwa liar, status satwa liar berdasarkan IUCN, tujuan pemanfaatan, cara berburu, frekuensi berburu, tingkat keberhasilan berburu, dan jumlah anggota berburu. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara tabulasi dan deskriptif untuk memperoleh gambaran objektif kondisi satwa liar yang ada di kampung Pasir putih Kabupaten Fakfak, provinsi Papua Barat. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa penduduk di kampung Pasir putih, masih melakukan aktivitas berburu walaupun tidak intens. Beberapa hewan yang dimanfaatkan meliputi hewan avifauna, mamalia dan reptil (herpet). Beberapa hewan masuk dalam kategori terancam punah (VU) oleh Redlist IUCN. Perburuan relatif sulit menggunakan jerat dan anjing berburu, frekuensinya relatif masih rendah dan dengan itu tidak dilakukan secara kolegial karena tingkat kesulitan.Kata kunci: perburuan; satwa liar; pemanfaatan satwa liar; redlist IUCN; Fakfak.Abstract: Indonesia is a mega biodiversity country especially mammals, reptils and avifauna. This study aims to determine the intensity of wildlife utilization in the village of Pasir Putih, Central Fakfak District, Fakfak Regency. In this study the object of observation is the potential and utilization of wildlife in the Pasir Putih village of Fakfak Regency. Observation variables used included basic information about wildlife species, wildlife status based on IUCN, purpose of use, hunting methods, hunting frequency, hunting success rate, and number of hunting members. The data obtained were tabulated and descriptive analyzed to obtain an objective picture of the condition of wild animals in the Pasir Putih village of Fakfak Regency, West Papua province. The results of the study revealed that residents in the white sand village, still doing hunting activities although not intense. Some of the animals used include Avifauna, mammals and reptiles (herpet). Some animals are in the endangered category (VU) by the IUCN Redlist. Hunting is relatively difficult using snares and hunting dogs, its frequency is still relatively low and hence it is not done collegially because of the difficulty level. Keywords: hunting; wild animal; utilization of wild animals; IUCN redlist; Fakfak.

Animal utilization based on local knowledge in Ciletuh Geopark, Ciemas Subdistrict, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia

Wulandari I, Shanida SS, Husodo T, Megantara EN, Tresna D. 2019. Animal utilization based on local knowledge in Ciletuh Geopark, Ciemas Subdistrict, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2781-2789. Ciletuh Geopark has high biodiversity but has not been supported by local knowledge about the use of animals to support sustainable development. This study aims to investigate: (i) the number of species that are used, (ii) distribution of local knowledge about animals using, and (iii) the dependency of communities on creatures in Ciletuh Geopark, Ciemas Subdistrict, Sukabumi. Mixed methods of qualitative (semi-structured interviews) and quantitative methods (proportional random sampling) were applied in this study. The community uses 153 species, consisting 58 Avifauna species, 13 mammals species, nine Herpetofauna species, three insects species, 16 species of freshwater fish, 43 species of seawater fish, two Mollusca species, and nine crustacean species. Utilization of fauna is not distributed in each village. Animals using of Avifauna, Herpetofauna, insects, and mammals tend to be utilized by people of Girimukti Village. Seawater fish, Mollusca, and crustaceans tend to be utilized by Ciwaru Village, while freshwater fish tend to be used in each village, except Girimukti and Cibenda Village. Utilization of fauna in Ciemas Subdistrict has begun to be abandoned, although several people still use them.

Traditional Knowledge on The Animal Utilization by The Hatam Tribe of Manokwari, West Papua Province

<p class="IsiAbstrakIndo"><span lang="EN-GB">Animal utilization in traditional community life is an integral part of traditional knowledge itself. This research aims to reveal the Hatam people’s traditional knowledge about the utilization of animals in their lives. The method used is the exploratory survey method. The respondents were determined purposively using the snowball sampling technique. The results showed that there are at least 55 species of animals commonly used by the Hatam people. Based on the forms of utilization, the animals can be divided into six groups: consumption, traditional medicine, specific meanings, traditional technology and arts, significant value, and traditional purposes. Wild animals are most widely used for the living needs of the Hatam people. The traditional hunt that is limited and the communal land ownership system (</span><em><span lang="EN-GB">ulayat</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> system) practiced by the Hatam people have indirectly helped preserve and ensure the availability of wildlife for the Hatam people’s needs. In addition to being a form of documentation of Hatam people’s traditional knowledge, the results of this research also have significance for the development of science especially in the field of ethnozoology. The form of interaction between Hatam people and animals revealed in this research can also serve as a reference for designing development policies related to the presence of Hatam people in the Arfak mountains. </span></p>

Public Perceptions of Mental Capacities of Nonhuman Animals

Mental capacities are an essential basis on which people give moral concern to nonhuman animals. Hence, it is important to investigate public perceptions of animal mind and the factors underlying these perceptions. Although research into citizen beliefs in animal mind has been increasing, population-based studies utilizing multivariate methods have been scarce. In this article, public perceptions of animal mind are investigated with a nationwide survey in Finland (n = 1,824). Eight animal species positioned differently in cultural categorizations are included in the analysis. Dogs were ascribed the most capacities, followed by cows, pigs, wolves, and elk. Citizens expressed a low belief in the mental capacities of chicken, salmon, and shrimp. Classifying animals as companions, food, and threat influences the perceptions of animal mind. Young age, having a companion animal, valuing societal equality, and concern for animal welfare and for animal utilization are connected to a greater belief in animal mind.