Coordinate structures without syntactic categories

The issue of the syntactic category of unlike-category coordination has been elusive for decades, with a plethora of proposals, all deficient in one way or another. This chapter proposes to broaden the perspective and consider disjunctive constraints which are not limited to syntactic categories, but which also take into consideration morphosyntactic and lexical properties. Przepiórkowski and Patejuk present an account in which syntactic categories are encoded in functional-structures and all constraints on syntactic positions uniformly refer to functional-structures only. On this solution, the issue of syntactic categories of coordinate structures is void: same category coordinations have—via the definition of distributive properties—the same category as that of all the conjuncts, while unlike-category coordinations do not need—and, on this proposal, do not have—syntactic categories on top of the different categories of their conjuncts.

MORPHOSYNTACTIC INTERFERENCE IN THE UDMURT-RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM

The article deals with the morphosyntactic interference in the Udmurt-Russian bilingualism, which is the result of interaction between structures and structural elements of these languages throughout centuries long contacts. On the one hand, interference increases the number of the communicative functions of Udmurt; on the other hand, it narrows the distributive properties of certain linguistic phenomena with different degrees of interference in different levels as a result of interaction and mutual influence. Like in other languages, in the Udmurt-Russian bilingualism there is more interference in lexis whereas interference in grammar (morphology and syntax) is less. The article focuses on the adaptation of the bases of notional parts of speech (verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerals) to the grammar of Udmurt and zero transmorphologization in the speech of Udmurt. In terms of syntactic interference, the following transformations are singled out: 1) minus-segmentation, i. e. the number of elements in the recipient language reduces due to the influence of corresponding models in the donor language; 2) plus-segmentation, i.e. the number of elements in the recipient language increases due to the influence of the distributive rules of the donor language; 3) replacing, i.e. the elements of the recipient language are rearranged under the influence of the rules of the donor language.

Ethnomathematics Study: the Technique of Counting Fish Seeds (Osphronemus Gouramy) of Sundanese Style

Konsep etnomatematik yang diajukan oleh D'Ambrosio memandang budaya dan matematika sebagai dua hal yang saling berhubungan yang bisa dijelaskan satu sama lain melalui kegiatan sehari-hari masyarakat yang matematis. Penelitian ini setidaknya mengusung dua misi, yaitu misi pendidikan dan kebudayaan. Sejarah mencatat bahwa orang Sunda memiliki teknik unik dalam menghitung benih ikan (Osphronemus gouramy). Keunikannya terlihat dari bagaimana mereka menghitung dengan bernyanyi dan juga dalam perspektif proses matematis. Studi interpretif ini mengeksplorasi konsep matematika yang terdapat dalam budaya Sunda dan memberikan gambaran tentang antropologi budaya melalui pendekatan etnomatematik. Penelitian ini mengamati empat peternak ikan senior dari berbagai kota di Priangan Timur. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa orang Sunda menggunakan konsep dari sedikit dari lima orang dalam menghitung benih ikan. Selain itu, mereka juga sangat terampil dalam menerapkan sifat distribusi perkalian, namun mereka tidak mengetahui istilahnya secara matematis. Bahkan pada konsep identitas dan invers, secara tidak langsung mereka telah menerapkannya tanpa mengetahui sifat tersebut. Hampir semua responden tidak bisa menjelaskan bagaimana mereka mendapatkan proses perkalian ini karena empat responden lulusan sekolah dasar, bahkan beberapa di antaranya tidak tamat. Mereka mengatakan bahwa matematika bisa dikuasai oleh pengalaman. Dari perspektif antropologi, ikan gurame memiliki nilai semiotika yang sangat berarti bagi orang Sunda, hal ini menunjukkan nilai prestise orang Sunda. Dari perspektif budaya, penelitian ini memaparkan kearifan lokal orang Sunda menjadi bagian dari upaya menegakkan nilai-nilai budaya bangsa. Dari perspektif pendidikan, penelitian ini bisa menjadi upaya mengurangi gagasan bahwa matematika dan budaya bebas budaya. Kata kunci: antropologi budaya, etnomatematik, Osphronemus gouramy, budaya Sunda ABSTRACT Ethnomathematical concept that was proposed by D'Ambrosio looked at culture and mathematics as an interconnected thing that can be explained each other by everyday mathematical activities of society. This research at least brings two missions, namely educational and cultural missions. History noted that the Sundanese have a unique technique in counting fish seeds (Osphronemus gouramy). The uniqueness is visible from how they count by singing and also in the perspective of mathematical process. This interpretive study explores the mathematical concepts contained in the Sundanese culture and provide an overview of cultural anthropology through an ethnomathematics approach. This research observed four senior farmers from different cities in Priangan Timur. The results show that Sundanese uses the concept of a multiple of five in counting fish seeds. In addition, they are also highly skilled at applying the distributive properties of multiplication, but they don’t know the term mathematically. Even the concept of identity and inverse, indirectly they have applied it without knowing the terms. Almost all respondents cannot explain how they got this multiplication process because the four of respondents only went to elementary school, even some of them did not finish it. They said clearly that mathematics can be mastered by experience. From the anthropology perspective, Gourami Fish has a very meaningful semiotics value for Sundanese, it shows the prestige value of Sundanese. From a cultural perspective, this research exposes Sundaneses’ local wisdom becomes part of the effort to uphold the nation's cultural values. From educational perspective, this study could be an effort in reducing the notion that mathematics and culture are culturally-free. Keywords: cultural-anthropolgy, ethnomathematics, Osphronemus gouramy, Sundanese culture