Governança no desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia: arquiteturas institucionais e cadeias de sociobiodiversidade ## Governance for sustainable development in the Amazon: institutional architectures and socio-biodiversity chains

ResumoO trabalho, apresentado na forma de ensaio, discute a governança em políticas públicas de desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia com foco nas cadeias da sociobiodiversidade. O conceito de arquitetura institucional é utilizado para descrever um arcabouço de incentivos (públicos e privados) capazes de fomentar iniciativas efetivamente rentáveis, de impacto social e ambientalmente adequados no contexto rural e florestal. A teoria de custos de transação ajuda a entender como o Estado participa dessas arquiteturas diminuindo riscos e fomentando investimentos coordenados em ativos específicos, oferecendo uma visão de futuro e mediando conflitos ao longo do processo de implementação das políticas públicas. O conceito de governança é utilizado dentro de uma perspectiva ampliada, relacionada à complexidade do contexto em que acontece a cooperação entre stakeholders para a produção de incentivos locais que resultem no desenvolvimento social e ambiental. O caso da Amazônia ilustra com essas arquiteturas se desenvolvem por meio de complexo tecido de relações que potencializam ganhos econômicos privados e valorização da floresta em pé. AbstractThis essay discusses governance in public policies for sustainable development in the Brazilian Amazon, with a focus on socio-biodiversity chains. The concept of institutional architecture is used to describe a framework of incentives (public and private) capable of promoting effectively profitable initiatives, with social and environmentally appropriate impact in the rural and forest context. The theory of transaction costs helps to understand how the State participates in these architectures, reducing risks and promoting coordinated investments in specific assets, offering a vision of the future, and mediating conflicts throughout the process of public policy implementation. The concept of governance is used within an expanded perspective, with complexity in the context in which cooperation between stakeholders occurs to produce local incentives that result in social and environmental development. The case of the Amazon illustrated with these architectures can be developed through a complex fabric of relationships that enhances private economic gains and values the standing forest.

ECOLOGICAL CERTIFICATION IN TOURISM SECTOR IN MONTENEGRO – ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES

The aim of this paper is to analyze concept of ecological certification, its advantages and challenges in the context of Montenegrin tourism accommodation sector. Based on EU Eco Label and Travelife certification schemes we tested advantages of greening tourist offer and contribution to the climate change combat in the country. Sample of 40 accommodation facilities are taken into consideration, and being offered series of presentations, direct interviews and incentives. Our results show that 10 out of 40 accommodation facilities are awarded with certificate, while 15 more facilities are in the process of gaining it in 2018. The main challenges we evidenced are as follows: limited human and financial resources to implement certification requirements; low level of understanding of marketing advantages that green certification brings; absence of national and local incentives to support certification implementation and destination safety and security aspects becoming main interest of tourism entrepreneurs.

The Motivation–Cognition Interface in Learning and Decision Making

In this article we discuss how incentive motivations and task demands affect performance. We present a three-factor framework that suggests that performance is determined from the interaction of global incentives, local incentives, and the psychological processes needed to achieve optimal task performance. We review work that examines the implications of the motivation–cognition interface in classification and choice and on phenomena such as stereotype threat and performance pressure. We show that, under some conditions, stereotype threat and pressure accentuate performance. We discuss the implications of this work for neuropsychological assessment and outline a number of challenges for future research.

Local Granaries and Central Government Disaster Relief: Moral Hazard and Intergovernmental Finance in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century China

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Chinese state attempted to administer famine relief partly through a nationwide institution of local granaries. This article explores regional variations in the performance of this institution to understand the reasons for its ultimate breakdown. The evidence suggests granary storage levels were systematically lower in provinces that received more frequent central government disaster relief; and an unintended consequence of disaster relief was that it modified local incentives for self-insurance and led to an incompletely resolved moral-hazard problem. China's experience provides an instructive example of the long-term dynamics present in intergovernmental policies.