Perceptions of Children's Literature in the Writings of Sheikh Abi Al-Hassan Ali Al-Nadwi

India is one of the most famous non-Arab countries in the world where the Arabic language and Arabic literature has grown, developed and flourished on a large scale. During the period of Arab rule in the Indian lands, Arabic was an official language of government and a means of learning about Arab-Islamic heritage and literary achievement. Moreover, many Arab schools and cultural institutions of higher education were established that produced a large number of poets, writers, Islamic thinkers, and interpreters of the Qur’an and Hadees scholars. Among those great writers was Allama Abul-Hassan Ali Al-Hasani Al-Nadawi, who was an outstanding imam whom the twentieth century saw and one of the great personalities of India, served Islam and Muslims. This study concerns the problem of Arabic teachers in Sri Lanka and India, who do not follow an appropriate methodology for teaching Arabic children and tries to make sure that children’s literature writers take into account the psychology of children in their compositions. To achieve these goals, the researcher has followed the descriptive and analytical approach to complete this study and reach the required results. This study concluded that Allama Abul-Hasan Ali al-Hasani al-Nadawi, may God have mercy on him, had a huge role in contemporary Arabic literature. Especially in children's literature, where he showed his value theory while following wonderful methods in his literacy works, concerning the psychology of children and their childhood, which helps students to read and understand through a very easy way.

“The Nation’s Hoop is Broken and Scattered”

The bulk of American Indian resistance to Euro-American colonialism and territorial cessions took two primary forms: offensive military action and unsuccessful political maneuvers in the form of petitions to state and federal authorities. Religion was sometimes enlisted to make a case against displacement from tribal homelands or against the pressures to assimilate to an alien way of life, but the appeals were to Christian senses of charity and decency—not apocalypticism. For many of the Indians who surrendered to inevitable defeat and submitted to living on “reservations” in the West, traditional religions provided a means to cope, but they slowly gave way to Christianity. The idea of pan-Indian unity proved too compelling to fade away entirely, and in the 1870s there emerged two would-be messiahs who each predicted not just the restoration of ancient Indian landholdings and power, but the apocalyptic wiping of the white race from all Indian lands, past and present.

VENTAS DE TIERRAS MAPUCHES EN LOS PREÁMBULOS DE LA PACIFICACION DE LA ARAUCANIA: NACIMIENTO, 18641866.

En este artículo se analiza la venta de tierras tribales en los distritos aledaños a la villa de Nacimiento en los años previos a la dictación de la Ley Indígena de 1866; se contextualiza el proceso de enajenación llevado a cabo por miembros de las tribus llanistas y abajinas (lelfunche y nagche, respectivamente) como una expresión inesperada de la modernización y el mercantilismo fronterizo, fenómeno que experimentó una notoria aceleración a medida que el Estado chileno promulgaba decretos que prohibían dichas ventas; se plantea que como resultado de esta coyuntura, se produjo una suerte de connivencia entre vendedores (mapuches) y especuladores (winkas), originando algunas prácticas fraudulentas que son analizadas a lo largo del texto. La base documental proviene de la Notaría de Nacimiento. ABSTRACT This article examines the sale of tribal lands in the district of Nacimiento during the years preceding the introduction of the Indian Law of 1866; it argues that the aforementioned sale, carried about by members of the Lelfunche (llanista) and Nagchez (Abajinos) tribes, was an unexpected response to the process of modernization and mercantilism that affected the frontier region during those years, hastening further when the Chilean Government announced laws prohibiting the sale of Indian lands. It also argues that, under such pressure, both sellers and buyers forged different methods to evade the law. The documentary evidence derives from the notarial acts of Nacimiento.

Native American Realism

This chapter argues that American Indian realist writings provide glimpses into cultures essentially unknown to mainstream readers of literary realism by writers outside the mainstream realist canon. It thus takes as one of its points of departure arguments for canon expansion. It also argues for widening the parameters of realism to include genres other than the novel, because so many of the writers during this era are mixed-genre writers. Basing its argument on a variety of genres, then, the chapter places several American Indian writers and their writings in social-historical contexts, such as resistance to mainstream culture, compulsory boarding school, allotment of Indian lands, coerced assimilation, and the 1890 Massacre at Wounded Knee.

Capturing Indian Women

Harmar’s Defeat enraged President Washington and shaped a new U.S. military policy driven by humiliation and infused with vengeance. Reversing his previous, half-hearted attempts to control the Kentucky militia, the president now empowered them. Washington used the Kentucky militia to invade Indian lands along the Wabash, targeting the agrarian and trading villages that stretched from Ouiatenon to Kethtippecanuck. The federal government fully equipped the Kentucky militia and ordered them to attack and destroy villages and crops—and to kidnap Indian women and children. Following two brutal raids, almost 100 Indian women and children were captured and held in a hastily erected prison at Fort Washington, now present-day Cincinnati. The women and children were imprisoned there for more than a year, in primitive, overcrowded, and unsanitary conditions. Indians retaliated for the abduction and for the repeated invasion of their homelands by handing the U.S. Army one of the worst defeats in its entire history under Arthur St. Clair. It was the suffering of Indian women that rallied Indian warriors under Little Turtle, Blue Jacket, and Buckongahelas to victory.