ANALYSIS OF HEAVY RAIN FROM TYPHOON NUMBER 3 (2017) USING X-BAND MULTIPARAMETER RADAR DATA, KYUSHU, JAPAN

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The heavy rain on 5&amp;ndash;6 July of 2017 was generated by the seasonal rain front that lingered from 30 June until 4 July, and by typhoon No.3 in the Kyushu northern part of Japan (Fukuoka and Oita Prefectures) which occurred at 09:00 on July 2. Such heavy rain caused serious disasters (landslides and flooding). During the large-scale downpour, 2617 damaged dwellings and 39 deaths were recorded in Oita and Fukuoka Prefectures. A new radar system, the X-band MP radar system, provides more detailed rainfall observations than C-band radar, but its special data structure precludes an easy data processing by geographical information systems (GISs) and other software. To overcome this difficulty, we developed an original software that is compatible with GIS. The rainfall amount accumulated by a monitoring system is useful in disaster prevention, as dangerous levels of the accumulated rainfall provide a warning signal.</p>

Errors in Estimating Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Employing Disdrometer and Simulated Raindrop Spectra

There have been debates and differences of opinion over the validity of using drop size distribution (DSD) models to characterize precipitation microphysics and to retrieve DSD parameters from multiparameter radar measurements. In this paper, simulated and observed rain DSDs are used to evaluate moment estimators. Seven estimators for gamma DSD parameters are evaluated in terms of the biases and fractional errors of five integral parameters: radar reflectivity (ZH), differential reflectivity (ZDR), rainfall rate (R), mean volume diameter (Dm), and total number concentration (NT). It is shown that middle-moment estimators such as M234 (using the second-third-fourth moments) produce smaller errors than lower- and higher-moment estimators if the DSD follows the gamma distribution. However, if there are model errors, the performance of M234 degrades. Even though the DSD parameters can be biased in moment estimators, integral parameters are usually not. Maximum likelihood (ML) and L-moment (LM) estimators perform similarly to low-moment estimators such as M012. They are sensitive to both model error and the measurement errors of the low ends of DSDs. The overall differences among M234, M246, and M346 are not substantial for the five evaluated parameters. This study also shows that the discrepancy between the radar and disdrometer observations cannot be reduced by using these estimators. In addition, the previously found constrained-gamma model is shown not to be exclusively determined by error effects. Rather, it is equivalent to the mean function of normalized DSDs derived through Testud’s approach, and linked to precipitation microphysics.