Emergence of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae of sequence type 258 in Michigan, USA

The prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in our hospital increased beginning in 2009. We aimed to study the clinical and molecular epidemiology of these emerging isolates. We performed a retrospective review of all adult patients with clinical cultures confirmed as CPE by positive modified Hodge test from 5/2009-5/2010 at the University of Michigan Health System (UMHS). Clinical information was obtained from electronic medical records. Available CPE isolates were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the 16S rRNA encoding gene and <em>blaKPC locus</em>. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to characterize <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> isolates. Twenty six unique CPE isolates were obtained from 25 adult patients. The majority were <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> (n=17). Other isolates included <em>K. oxytoca</em> (n=3), <em>Citrobacter freundii</em> (n=2), <em>Enterobacter cloacae</em> (n=2), <em>Enterobacter aerogenes</em> (n=1) and <em>Escherichia col</em>i (n=1). Molecular characterization of 19 available CPE isolates showed that 13 (68%) carried the KPC-3 allele and 6 (32%) carried the KPC-2 allele. Among 14 available <em>K. pneumoniae</em> strains, 12 (86%) carried the KPC-3 allele and belonged to a common lineage, sequence type (ST) 258. The other 2 (14%) <em>K. pneumoniae</em> isolates carried the KPC-2 allele and belonged to two unique STs. Among these ST 258 strains, 67% were isolated from patients with prior exposures to health care settings outside of our institution. In contrast, all CPE isolates carrying the KPC-2 allele and all non ST 258 CPE isolates had acquisition attributable to our hospital. Molecular epidemiology of carbapenemase producing <em>K. pneumoniae</em> suggests that KPC-3 producing <em>K. pneumoniae</em> isolates of a common lineage, sequence type (ST 258), are emerging in our hospital. While ST 258 is a dominant sequence type throughout the United States, this study is the first to report its presence in Michigan.

Biochemical interaction between Eucalyptus, Neem residues with some plants and microorganisms

The study was carried to determinate the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus globules and Azadirachta indica against Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum by adding their residues to the soil at rates of (3 , 6) gr / kg soil . The second part of study was to extract the oil seed and determine the biological activities against some pathogenic microorganisms namely Escherichia col, Klebesiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis. These oils used at cons. (2.5, 5, 10, 15)% prepared and separated by stem distillation. Agar well diffusion method was used in bacteria preparing, and comparing extracts effect by determining the inhibition zone. Residues of Eucalyptus and Neem added to the soil at rates of 3gr/ kg soil significantly reduced the seed germination number and shoot length. While adding 6gr/ kg soil inhibited the seedling growth. Also the result shows inhibitory effects of the Eucalyptus oils against E .coli, S. aurus and K. pnenumonia, put there was no inhibition against P. aeruginosa and P.mirablils treatments. In conclusion, it seem much useful to cultivated Eucalyptus and Neem trees at river bank and lake beach because their residues could be use as herbicides, antibacterial against same microorganisms which polluted the water.