THE BACTERIA QUALITY OF THE INDIGENOUSLY FERMENTED MILK PRODUCT – NONO’ IN MAIDUGURI MUNICIPALITY NIGERIA

Fifty samples of “nono”, a fermented milk product akin to yoghurt, were carefully collected from three markets in Maiduguri municipality and were examined for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Twenty-eight percent of the sample were found to be contaminated with aciduric pathogenic bacteria that may cause milk-borne disease equally in consumers. Fourteen percent of the isolated were positives for Escherichia coli. The percent for Staphylococcus aureas, and four percent Streptococcus pyogenes. Thirty-six samples showed no growth of any pathogenic bacteria. It is hoped that as peri-urban and rural diary cattle get more veterinary service and the women manufacturing ‘nono’ employ better hygienic measure, the future ‘nono’ would be a more wholesome product, free from any pathogenic bacteria of public health significance. By then, the Maiduguri ‘nono’ would have achieved international recognition

LINK BETWEEN OUTLINE EVALUATION AND BLOOD RELATIONSHIP COUNSINLY BREED, FROMING ANIMAL GENOTYPE

When developing Ayshire breed herds, we used breeding population of related breed: FAY – Finnish Ayshire, SRB – Swedish red, NRF – Norwegian red, CANAY – Canada red, ORDM – Danish red, the research on influence of their blood relation on exterior characteristics of cows is actual. Studied livestock (n=855) has the following blood parts: 56,5±0,55; 12,9±0,31; 10,7±0,16; 17,8±0,60; 0,7±0,08 % consequently. Classes according to blood part, %: 0.0; 0,1 - 12,5; 12,5 - 24,9; 25,0 - 37,4; 37,5 - 49,9; 50,0 - 62,4; 62,5 - 74,9; 75,0 - 87,4; more than 87,5. Blood relationship according to CAN have a positive impact on udder evaluation (+0,130ххх), general view (+0,155ххх), final (+0,164ххх) and identification mark UDC (+0,119ххх), but negative blood relationship according to FAY on general view (-0,138ххх), according to SRB and NRF breed – on udder evaluation (-0,163ххх; -0,111ххх) and final (-0,133ххх; -0,100хх). Difference between force coefficient influence of blood relationship on exterior features according to FAY and CAN ranges from 7,9 to 18,7 units, and on UDC and FLC s equal to 6,6 and 3,5 units. Joint effect of blood relationship according to FAY and CAN is lower on lineal feature, and on exterior indices it increases. For improvement of individual exterior features account must be taken of blood relationship element at proband according to particular related breed of Ayshire group of diary cattle, focusing on blood element on FAY and CAN and their combinations.

INDIRECT METHODS OF NUTRIENTS DETERMINATION IN FEED STUFF FOR DIARY CATTLE, SHEEP AND PIGS

We considered the question of demand parameters correspondence in feedstuff nutrition of separate groups of animals to parameters of feedstuff nutrition and possibility of their determination in feedstuff. For comparison we chose methods of determination of feedstuff chemical composition during zootechnic analysis, actual data of feedstuff nutrition on a database and estimate indicators of feedstuff chemical composition. Under factory conditions it is practically impossible to make full zootechnic feed analysis of diet according to specified parameters on grounds of analysis cost, laboratory opportunities and time conditions. Indirect methods of feedstuff nutrition index obtainment from data base and calculation with the help of regression were developed. However from database it is not always possible to get comprehensive information. There is not enough information in database on content in feedstuff microelements, vitamins, ADF, NDF, starch, sugar, etc. For calculation of feedstuff nutrition formulae were used in indirect method. They fully provide calculations of energetic partially protein feedstuff nutrition, but also calculations of separate parameters of carbohydrate nutrition. For calculation of mineral and vitamin and specific parameters of lipidic and carbohydrate nutrition there are no certain calculation formula. Consequently, along with advance of analysis methods of feedstuff chemical composition, it is necessary to broaden and deepen databases of feedstuff and continue research to establish mathematical models for calculations of feedstuff chemical composition . These developments will allow significantly speeding up calculations of diets, reducing costs and time on feedstuff analysis.

Subsidiary methods of pregnancy diagnosis in diary cattle – alternative for the future

Early pregnancy diagnosis in cows is one of the key elements of effective reproduction management of this species. Still imperfect effectiveness of procedures performed motivates veterinarians for further exploration of new techniques for the diagnosis of pregnancy and their new application. The following article aims to give existing laboratory methods and possibilities for their use in the diagnosis of pregnancy before the 3rd day of insemination. In particular, substances that can be identified as soon as possible after insemination are presented: early pregnancy factor (EPF), progesterone (P4), estrogen sulfate and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG). A detailed description of these substances and their role in the formation and maintenance of celibacy in cows are given. The possibility of using laboratory methods in modern milk reproduction protocols is shown. From the perspective of modern literature sources, the most effective laboratory methods for diagnosing pregnancy in dairy farming today are the definition of an early pregnancy factor (EPF) and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG). Description of the methods available on the market and a new compilation (protocols) above techniques may be of interest for veterinarian involved in cattle reproduction. Despite the rapid development and the presence of more and more effective ultrasound devices, a practical veterinarian should not forget about the existence of indirect methods of diagnosis of pregnancy, which in large herds can significantly improve the economic conditions for the management of reproduction of cows in the future.

Bovine tuberculosis in cattle: reduced risk on wildlife-friendly farms

The associations between habitat and other factors that lead to the risk of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in diary cattle were examined in an unmatched case–control study. Data from 60 herds with recent history of bTB and 60 controls were analysed using logistic regression. The predictors included farmland habitat, topography, indices of badger density and herd size. Information-theoretic approaches were used to identify those predictor variables explaining the greatest variation in cattle herd bTB breakdowns. Reduced risk of bTB was associated with the management of farmland in ways favourable to wildlife conservation, as encouraged by recent (2005) European Common Agricultural Policy reforms.

An analysis of the dual purpose cattle (B. taurus x B. indicus) lactation curve

The shape of the lactation curve (description of milk production through lactation) which is relevant in order to predict past, current and future lactations. Curves type I show fast increment during early lactation, followed by a slow decline. However, continuous decreasing curves, named type II (Landete-Castillejos and Gallego, 2000) are frequent in tropical diary cattle, maybe due to low nutritional status (Contreras and Rincon, 1979). Curves type II could not be accurately described by Wood (1967) model. In addition, Wood’s model do not describe the inner processes in the udder. Recently, Pollot (2000) presented a mechanistic model, with 3 components and an inherent biological meaning on its parameters. The objective of the present work was to compare the ability of Wood (1967) and Pollot (2000) models to describe dual purpose cattle lactation curves and provide a first description and analysis of the B. taurus x B. indicus typical lactation curve using Pollot’s (2000) model.