ASSESSMENT OF COLLECTION SAMPLES OF THE WINTER CAMELINA PILOSA FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND ADAPTIVITY

Целью исследований являлась оценка коллекционного материала рыжика озимого по урожайности и основным параметрам адаптивности. Исследования проводили в лесостепной зоне Пензенской области в 2018–2020 гг. Объектом исследований являлись образцы рыжика озимого, различного эколого-географического происхождения. В качестве стандарта использовали сорт Барон, селекции Пензенского НИИСХ. Вегетационный период озимого рыжика в 2018 году протекал в острозасушливых условиях при ГТК=0,40. Условия вегетации в 2019 году характеризовались как засушливые, ГТК составил 0,63 единицы, сумма осадков за период составила 98,1 мм. Вегетация рыжика в 2020 году проходила при более благоприятных условиях (ГТК=1,03), сумма осадков составила 147,4 мм при температуре 19,4°С. Урожайность сортообразцов озимого рыжика, за годы исследований, варьировала в широких пределах от 130,9 до 157,2 г/м2 . Наиболее высокая продуктивность отмечена у номеров к-4164 (153,0 г/м2 ), к-4169 (153,1 г/м2 ) и к-3290 (157,2 г/м2 ), которая существенно превышала сорт Барон (на 8,7-12,9 г/м). Наибольшей экологической адаптивностью отличались образцы к-3290 (Алтайский край), к-1553 (Армения), к-4169 (Чехословакия) и сорт Барон, значения которого составили bi=0,96-1,02 и S2 d1 = 0,08-0,11. Номера к-4155, к-2224 и к-3290 отличались наибольшей стабильностью и пластичностью, показатели индекса стабильности (ИС) и индекса экологической пластичности (ИЭП) которых составили 17,4-18,8% и 1,04- 1,08. Наибольшим значением уровня стабильности сорта (ПУСС) отличались образцы к-4169, к-4164 и к-1553, значения которых составили 1,40, 1,41 и 1,46 соответственно. Число стручков на растении у сортообразцов варьировало от 151 до 287 штук, при 251 штуке на растении у сорта Барон. Количество семян в стручке варьировало в пределах 13-18 штук, масса 1000 семян в пределах 1,05-1,42 г. Наиболее крупные семена были у номеров к-4165 и к-3290, масса 1000 семян которых составила 1,40 и 1,42 г соответственно. The aim of the research was to assess the collection material of winter camelina in terms of yield and main parameters of adaptability. The studies were carried out in the forest-steppe zone of the Penza region in 2018 - 2020.The object of research was samples of winter camelina of various ecological and geographical origin. Variety Baron, selection of the Penza Research Institute of Agriculture, was used as a standard. The growing season of winter camelina in 2018 proceeded in severely arid conditions with GTC=0.40. The growing conditions in 2019 were characterized as arid, the GTC was 0.63 units, the amount of precipitation for the period was 98.1 mm. Camelina vegetation in 2020 took place under more favorable conditions (GTC=1.03), the amount of precipitation was 147.4 mm at a temperature of 19.4°C. The yield of varieties of winter camelina, over the years of research, varied widely from 130.9 to 157.2 g/m2 .The highest productivity was noted for numbers k-4164 (153.0 g/m2 ), k-4169 (153.1 g/m2 ) and k-3290 (157.2 g/m2 ), which significantly exceeded the Baron variety by (8,7-12.9 g/m)2 . Samples k-3290 (Altai Territory), k-1553 (Armenia), k-4169 (Czechoslovakia) and variety Baron were characterized by the highest ecological adaptability, the values of which were bi=0.96- 1.02 and S2 d1 =0,08-0.11.The numbers k-4155, k-2224 and k-3290 were distinguished by the greatest stability and plasticity, the indicators of the stability index (IS) and the environmental plasticity index (IEP) of which were 17.4-18.8% and 1.04-1.08%. Samples k-4169, k-4164 and k-1553 were distinguished by the highest value of the level of stability of the variety (PUSS), the value of which was 1.40, 1.41 and 1.46, respectively. The number of pods per plant in the accessions varied from 151 to 287 pods, with 251 pods per plant in the Baron variety. The number of seeds in a pod varied within 13-18 pieces, the weight of 1000 seeds was within 1.05-1.42 g. The largest seeds were for numbers k-4165 and k-3290, the weight of 1000 seeds of which was 1.40 and 1.42 g, respectively.

Ecological Adaptability of Some Cultivars and Breeding Samples of Origanum vulgare L.

Since the registry of common oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) cultivars does not involve regionalization, a comprehensive study of cultivars bred by different institutions in the intended cultivation region is valuable and relevant. The objective of the research was to assess the possibility of using various indices of ecological adaptability originally developed for grain crops for their use in the most adapted genotypes’ selection (breeding samples and cultivars) of Origanum vulgare L. to the temperate climate of the Crimean Peninsula. The research was carried out in the piedmont zone of Crimea from 2016 to 2019. The study material consisted of breeding samples No. 10 and No. 82 from the collection of FSBSI “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, as well as cultivars Zima, Raduga, and Slavnitsa selected by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ARSRIMAP). Genotype had the greatest influence on yield of fresh oregano material (43%) with the influence of the weather conditions of the year being 2%. On the contrary, meteorological conditions had a much greater effect on the essential oil accumulation and its areal yield, which were 30% and 25%, respectively. In terms of the coefficient of ecological variation of fresh yield, sample No. 82 and Slavnitsa cultivar were the best (11.47–16.7%). The local genotypes No. 10 and No. 82 varied less by the essential oil content and its yield. The genotype effect value was greater than 0 in the Raduga cultivar and local genotype No. 82 for the yield, but only in No. 82 genotype for the other two characteristics. Cultivars Zima and Raduga were classified as intensive (bi > 1) by the environmental flexibility of fresh yield, while local genotype No. 82 and Slavnitsa cultivar formed the group of intensive ones by essential oil content and essential oil yield. Local genotypes No. 10 and No. 82 were better than the introduced cultivars in terms of essential oil content homeostability and essential oil yield (Hom = 1.91–2.18). Thus, local genotypes proved to be more adapted to the region’s conditions in terms of essential oil accumulation. However, they were inferior to the registered cultivars of ARSRIMAP breeding in terms of fresh yield.

Betula pendula Ssp. distribution and growth in the sub-Carpathian curvature

Birch ssp. in the sub-Carpathians curvature can be found in composition with beech and other resinous species, unevenly distributed from the mountain peaks at around 1200 m down to 500-600, mainly from high hills to depressions at 600m, rarely seen on plain sites, crossing different geomorphological structures and overall accounting for 3857.1 ha. The main objective of the paper was to analyze the site and stand characteristics of Betula pendula ssp. Roth. in the subCarpathians curvature as followed: stand structure, stand types and stand site types, soils and different metrics, from growth to yields and its connectivity.The ecological adaptability to climate and soil and early fast growth, makes silver birch fulfill the overall requirements as a pioneer species, mostly naturally regenerated. Birch distribution is highly influenced by stand structure having low proportion in compositions, mean height of 15 m at age 50, and a diameter of 20m. Regarding the site, characteristics are more commonly found on fertile soils, corrugated or fragmented site type with a slope of 20-50° and it is distributed as secondary species in stands, averaging 750m in attitude, ranging from 500 to 1200m, 90% being in mixtures with other species with a mean annual increment of approximately 7 m³/year/ha regardless of stand site type. As an early successional species, it serves as a first colonizer but secondary species and quite often as an ecological instrument to improve the soil characteristics, biodiversity and prevent landslides in certain sites, lacking economic value other than fuel wood or other non-wood products.

Collection and evaluation of Iris species in Southwest China

China is known as one of the most diverse centres of wild Iris resources in the world, there are 60 species, 13 varieties, and five forms distributed in southwest, northwest, and northeast China. The goal of this study was to describe the distribution, collection, and evaluation of Iris species collected in southwest China. Wild populations were identified and classified into 23 species, two varieties, and one form based on their morphological characteristics. We discovered some species with new distribution and characteristics. Furthermore, we also used the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method with 16 indicator points to evaluate the collected Iris resources based on their ornamental value, utilization potential, and ecological adaptability. The results showed that I. pseudacorus, I. delavayi, I. germanica, I. wilsonii, I. sibirica, and I. tectorum had excellent ornamental characters and best suited for sustained exploitation. This research also provided a good theoretical guidance and an important reference value for the application of Iris plants in landscaping and provided suggestions for the conservation and utilization of wild Iris resources.

Estimation of the initial material of spring barley for adaptability to arid conditions of the Stavropol territory

Grain production stabilization is one of the main criteria for the development of agriculture in Russia. In this regard, in modern breeding, when developing varieties, considerable attention must be paid to their adaptability, i.e. parameters that ensure stable productivity in various growing conditions. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the spring barley samples according to the trait ‘yield’ for adaptability to the arid conditions of the Stavropol Territory and their further use in breeding work. The material for the study were 86 spring barley samples. In order to determine the stability, there was used a variance coefficient (V%) according to the method of B.A. Dospekhov (2014). The ecological adaptability (bi) and the environment index (Ij) were determined according to the method of S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell (1966) as presented by V.Z. Pakudin (1984). Homeostaticity (Hom) was assessed according to the method of V.V. Hangildin (1981). Stress resistance was determined according to the equations of A.A. Rosielle and J. Hamblin as presented by A.A. Goncharenko (2005). There were identified the highly productive samples ‘Mamlyuk’ (389 g/m2) and ‘Stirling’ (378 g/m2), possessing high responsiveness to improving environmental conditions (bi = 1.44–1.21), variability (V = 58.9–51,2%) and low stress resistance (Ymin – Ymax = -538–488). Such genotypes are capable of forming high yields in favorable conditions and may be of interest for breeding high-intensity varieties. The samples weakly responsive to changes in growing conditions were distinguished by high stability and homeostaticity according to the trait ‘yield’, namely ‘Nutans 74840’ (Hom = 2.88; V = 38.4%) and ‘Veles’ (Hom = 2.56; V = 38.5%), as well as the adaptable variety ‘Getman’ (Hom = 2.89; V = 40.6%). These samples are the most adaptive to the arid conditions of the Stavropol Territory and regions with similar cultivation conditions. They are recommended for use in breeding work.

Understanding the Effects of Growing Seasons, Genotypes, and Their Interactions on the Anthesis Date of Wheat Sown in North China

Quantitative studies on the effects of growing season, genotype (including photoperiod genes and vernalization genes), and their interaction (GGI) on the anthesis date of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are helpful to provide a scientific reference for selecting or developing adaptive varieties in target environments. In this study, we collected 100 winter wheat varieties with ecological adaptability in North China and identified the anthesis date under field conditions for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2019 with mapped photoperiod and vernalization alleles. Our results showed that the number of the photoperiod-insensitive Ppd-D1a allele increased with variety replacement, while the haplotype Ppd-A1b + Ppd-D1b + vrn-D1 (A4B2) decreased from the 1940s to 2000s. The anthesis date of A4B2 was significantly delayed due to the photoperiod-insensitive alleles Ppd-A1b and Ppd-D1b. The additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and GGI biplot analysis were used for data analysis. A large portion of the total variation was explained by growing seasons (66.3%), while genotypes and GGIs explained 21.9% and 10.1% of the anthesis dates, respectively. The varieties from the 1940s and before had a great influence on the anthesis date, suggesting these germplasms tend to avoid premature anthesis and could facilitate the development of phenological resilient varieties.

Seed productivity and adaptability parameters of the alfalfa samples in the south of the Rostov region

The general climate change in the south of Russia makes the development of new varieties of grain crops, including forage grasses, with high resistance and adaptability to climatic stress factors extremely necessary. The breeding process of forage plant adapted to changing environmental conditions is seen as an effective way to allow crop production to cope with unexpected possible climate changes with the least possible losses. The specific reaction of plants to environmental conditions is of particular interest when studying collection plant samples of different gen[1]otypes, as well as when choosing varieties for cultivation in specific conditions. Studying the stability and adaptability of collection samples of forage grasses can also make it possible to use them in different regions. The purpose of the current study was to estimate alfalfa samples by the parameters of ecological adaptability and stability according to the trait ‘seed productivity’. The objects of study were 30 samples of the VIR collection from the USA, Canada, France and Peru. There has been identified a large group of samples with bi < 1. These samples were important as genotypes with a weak responsiveness of seed productivity to worse conditions. They are to be used in hybrids to obtain an initial material that is adaptive according to the trait ‘seed productivity’ in stressful conditions. The smallest bi coefficient was found in the samples ‘K-42694’ (0.20), ‘K-32783’ (0.22) and ‘K-47804’ (0.29). The stability coefficient σd 2 , which reflects the correlation between the growing conditions and seed productivity of the samples through the years of study and was calculated on the basis of the theoretical productivity and the deviation of the theoretical value from the actual one, varied from 0.01 to 74.70. This range of variation indicates that the set of samples contains such samples whose stability of productivity is genetically determined and significantly exceeds the variability of the average productivity of the entire set. Estimation of differences according to stability of seed productivity, in comparison with the standard variety ‘Rostovskaya 90’, revealed a significant difference in this trait in the samples ‘K-43272’, ‘K-50545’, ‘K-50561’.

Estimation of ecological adaptability and stability of promising winter barley varieties and lines in the competitive variety testing

Plant breeding plays an important role in increasing grain production and improving its quality. Currently, the de[1]velopment of new ecologically adaptable varieties that can more effectively use the climatic and soil resources of the regions is of great importance. The purpose of the current study was to analyze the parameters of ecological adapt[1]ability and stability of varieties and lines of the competitive variety testing (2018–2020) in the Rostov region. There have been studied five winter barley varieties ‘Timofey’, ‘Erema’, ‘Vivat’, ‘Marusya’, ‘Foks 1’ and six winter barley lines ‘Pallidum 1899’, ‘Pallidum 1972’, ‘Parallelum 1976’, ‘Parallelum 1979’, ‘Parallelum 1980’, ‘Parallelum 1981’ developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. The sowing was carried out with a Wintersteiger Plotseed seeder, accounting plots area was 10 m². The forecrop was peas. The placement was systematic; the number of repetitions was 6. The factor ‘year’ had the greatest influence on the formation of productivity with 97.07%. The analysis of environmental condi[1]tions showed that there were more favorable growing conditions in 2018 (Ij = +1.27), and unfavorable ones in 2019 (Ij = -1.62). The productivity of the varieties ‘Erema’ (9.4 t / ha; +0.7), ‘Marusya’ (9.7 t / ha; +1.0) and the line ‘Pallidum 1972’ (9.4 t / ha; +0.7) exceeded that of the standard variety. There has been established the varieties and lines ‘Timofey’, ‘Pallidum 1972’, ‘Parallium 1979’, ‘Parallum 1981’ had increased stress resistance. The varieties ‘Erema’, ‘Marusya’ and the line ‘Pallidum 1972’ had a higher compensatory ability. According to the analysis of adaptability, the varieties ‘Erema’, ‘Marusya’, ‘Foks 1’, as well as the line ‘Parallelum 1976’ were identified as responsive with linear regression coefficient values above one. The lines ‘Pallidum 1972’, ‘Parallelum 1979’, ‘Parallelum 1981’ and the variety ‘Marusya’ consistently produced high yields. The lines ‘Pallidum 1972’, ‘Parallum 1979’ and ‘Parallum 1981’ possessed high stability index (L) and PUSS index.

Phylogenetic Diversity of Wetland Plants across China

Accelerating and severe wetland loss has made wetland restoration increasingly important. Current wetland restorations do not take into consideration the ecological adaptability of wetland plants at large scales, which likely affects their long-term restoration success. We explored the ecological adaptability, including plant life forms and phylogenetic diversity, of plants across 28 wetlands in China. We found that perennial herbs were more common than annual herbs, with the proportion of perennial herbs accounting for 40–50%, 45–65%, 45–70%, 50–60%, and 60–80% of species in coastal wetlands, human-made wetlands, lake wetlands, river wetlands, and marsh wetlands, respectively. A ranking of phylogenetic diversity indices (PDIs) showed an order of marsh < river < coastal < lake < human-made, meaning that human-made wetlands had the highest phylogenetic diversity and marsh wetlands had the lowest phylogenetic diversity. The nearest taxon index (NTI) was positive in 23 out of 28 wetlands, indicating that species were phylogenetically clustered in wetland habitats. Dominant species tended to be distantly related to non-dominant species, as were alien invasive species and native species. Our study indicated that annual herbs and perennial herbs were found in different proportions in different types of wetlands and that species were phylogenetically clustered in wetland habitats. To improve wetland restoration, we suggest screening for native annual herbs and perennial herbs in proportions that occur naturally and the consideration of the phylogenetic similarity to dominant native species.

Helianthus annuus L. hybrid ideotype

The issue of determining the ideotype of sunflower varieties and hybrids is relevant not only for breeding but also for cultivation in new environmental conditions. The aim of our research was to evaluate the genotypes according to ecological adaptability and establish the parameters of the sunflower ideotype for the arid conditions of the Crimean steppe zone. The studies were conducted in 2017-2020 at the Field Crop Department, FSBSI “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea” (village of Klepinino). Soil – chernozem southern low humus. Materials for the research – sunflower hybrids: ‘Garant’, ‘Komandor’, ‘Signal’, ‘Paritet’, ‘Prestizh’ (standard), ‘Sprint’, ‘Sprint 2’, ‘Gorstar’, ‘Kometa’ (bred in the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Oil Crops by the name of Pustovoit V.S.” (VNIIMK)). The experiment was replicated four times. The total area of the trial plot is 56 m2, the accounting area – 28 m2. Plant density – 40 thousand plants per ha. The harvest was brought to 100% purity; the seeds – to 10% moisture content. The linear regression coefficient (plasticity) of the yield of hybrids (bi) and the standard deviation (stability) (Ϭd2) were calculated according to S. A. Eberhart and W. A. Russell. Favourable weather conditions were in 2017 (Ij = +0.21) and 2019 (Ij = +1.04). Hybrids ‘Komandor’, ‘Garant’, ‘Sprint 2’ and ‘Gorstar’ are more responsive to the improvement of growing conditions (bi>1); variety ‘Kometa’ – weakly responsive (bi<1). When cultivation conditions changed, the yield of the hybrids ‘Signal’, ‘Paritet’, ‘Prestizh’ and ‘Sprint’ varied (bi = 1). In terms of yield, the most stable is ‘Kometa’ (Ϭd2 = 0.48); the most unstable – ‘Komandor’ (Ϭd2 = 2.19). According to the long-term field research, we have identified the parameters of the optimal model of a sunflower hybrid for cultivation in the Crimea: growing season length – 92–98 days, plant height – 161–166 cm, 1000-seeds weight – 69.5–83.0 g, productive area of the capitula (flower head) – 313–379 cm2, yield – 2.26–2.49 t/ha, oil content – 45–47%, as well as god responsiveness to the growing conditions improvement.