THE PERCEIVED LEVELS OF INTOLERANCE FOR PRESS CRITICISM IN PAKISTANI SOCIETY

This study examines the existence, intensity and impacts of intolerance for Press criticism in Pakistani society. It’s generally believed that intolerance for Press criticism leads to professional and psychological complexes for the Press to play its role as a voice for unvoiced and to hold those in power accountable because the Press’s role as the Watchdog compulsively needs high capacities of tolerance in the society to understand the realities and habituate rationalism. As working journalists have to face the direct reaction from masses regarding Press criticism so this paper explores journalist’s perceptions about the presence of intolerance in the societal frame of Pakistan regarding Press’s criticism using survey technique under Likert Scale. The study also incorporates the impacts of intolerance on professionalism in media that induce threats to journalists and compel them to exercise self-censorship which ultimately results in content biases, depriving the citizens of fundamental right of expression. The conclusion provides guidelines for policy making on the subject of Press freedom and social coherence. Also, this study enhances understandings regarding the social sphere of the country and gauges the level of intolerance for media discourses.

When Women’s Football Came to the Island

This article looks at the early development of women’s football in Ireland, examining the cultural impact of the first women’s matches, and how this early heritage has laid foundations for future developments. Women took to playing association football not long after it was first established as a male bastion during the latter half of the nineteenth century. These early matches attracted large crowds, public and press criticism, and in some instances social disorder. The article first examines how the Irish press presented this sporting innovation and the first exposure to actual matches when the British Ladies Club arrived to play in Belfast in early June 1895. Beyond the expected disapproval, there is evidence that debate took place on women’s general role in society, and in particular how females could engage in sport. Also examined is the way British Ladies Club presented themselves as upper-middle-class, and how this contrasted with the way they were portrayed in the press. New research is presented, which casts doubt on the club’s middle-class image and shows how friction between the club and its main sponsor arose when a true picture of the players’ backgrounds came to light. In conclusion, the author contrasts the Irish response to the British Ladies Football Club with the women’s sides that played during World War I and the post-war period. It is shown that the early matches of the 1890s paved the way for a more appreciative and accepting audience.

Gustaw „Gamaston” Kamieński i Stanisław Graybner – dwaj ostatni debiutanci z kręgu Szkoły Głównej Warszawskiej. Drogi życia i literatury

In the article, there have been portrayed silhouettes of the two Main School of Warsaw alumni, who were the last to debut as the men of letters – Gustaw “Gamaston” Kamieński and Stanisław Graybner. The author pictures life choices as well as writing selections of the writers who had studied amongst the positivistic exemplars, however, their first literary work was published on the eve of the Young Poland period, thus their careers represent this exact literary period. The novelty of the article is that so far in the literary researches their names have been completely left out. According to press criticism dated on the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the author proves that the late debuts did not help the aforementioned writers – even though they specialized in different literary genres (Kamieński in prose, Graybner in drama) they both created their work as if on the literary margins of the Young Poland period. Although their first work raised attention and the favor of receivers, the next ones brought only failures most of the time.

‘Ain’t Misbehavin’

This article looks at recent cases of judicial misconduct and alleged judicial misconduct. These include examples of judicial bias, or the appearance thereof, in relation to parties and to lawyers and failure to recuse oneself, judicial reaction to press criticism, judges using their court computers to watch pornography, a judge responding to a defendant’s bad language by using bad language herself, a judge with outdated views about rape and whether another judge’s comments about rape in passing sentence were validly criticized. The way in which the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office and other judges have dealt with complaints of judicial misconduct is discussed and in some cases found wanting. Keywords: judicial misconduct, judicial discipline, bias, recusal, pornography, rape

Ombudsman, crítica, jornalismo e democracia

Este artigo utiliza referências bibliográficas para refletir sobre o papel da autocrítica jornalística, em especial do ombudsman, na Teoria da Crítica de Imprensa - uma teoria normativa que tem como principal inspiração a teoria discursiva de Jürgen Habermas, desenvolvida pela autora americana Wendy Wyatt. O objetivo é tomar a teoria de Wyatt como base e discuti-la frente ao trabalho do ombudsman de imprensa. Propõe-se uma análise teórica do ombudsman pela luz desta teoria, uma vez que a autora faz suas críticas em relação ao papel do ombudsman e da autocrítica de imprensa em seu estudo. Apresenta-se a importância da atribuição do defensor do leitor dentro do jornal, do jornalismo e do seu papel normativo para a democracia, tendo uma função positiva dentro da teoria da crítica de imprensa.Palavras-chave: Jornalismo. Ombudsman de imprensa. Democracia. Press Criticism.

ANTONIO BUERO VALLEJO EN HUNGRÍA

Resumen: El objetivo del presente artículo es ofrecer un análisis abarcadorsobre la recepción en Hungría de la obra de Antonio Buero Vallejo.Mencionaremos las once traducciones y, después, examinaremos, a travésde la crítica de la prensa, los cinco estrenos húngaros de sus tres dramas: Enla ardiente oscuridad, puesto en escena dos veces (1962, 1976); El sueñode la razón, montado en 1974; y los dos estrenos de La fundación (1976,1979). Para completar la recepción húngara del autor más destacado delteatro español de la posguerra, repasaremos también algunos escritos quedivulgan su fama en Hungría. Abstract: The aim of this article is to give a comprehensive analysis aboutthe reception of the work of Antonio Buero Vallejo in Hungary. We presentthe eleven translations and then, based on press criticism, analyse the fiveHungarian premieres of three plays: In the Burning Darkness, staged twice(1962, 1976); The Sleep of Reason, debuted in 1974; and two premieresof The Foundation (1976, 1979). To complete the Hungarian image ofthe most prominent author of the post-civil war Spanish theatre, we alsoreview some articles that popularized him in Hungary.