Decision-Making Behavior of Fertilizer Application of Grain Growers in Heilongjiang Province from the Perspective of Risk Preference and Risk Perception

Heilongjiang Province, as a major grain-planting province in China, under the condition of limited production level and cognitive level, the food and agriculture industry often adopts the “high input-high output” production model to achieve grain yield and increase production. As one of the important material input elements in agricultural production, chemical fertilizer plays an irreplaceable role in increasing crop output and farmers’ income. The reduced application of chemical fertilizer can improve the soil and water source, improve the production environment from the internal agricultural production, and ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products from the source, which is beneficial to the sustainable development of agriculture in China. In this paper, Probit model is used to analyze the risk preference and risk perception of grain farmers in Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that high degree of risk preference had a negative effect on decision behavior of fertilizer application, while high natural risk perception had a positive effect on fertilizer application behavior of grain farmers. At the same time, the results showed that the cultivated land area owned by farmers, the total income of agricultural production, the training of fertilizer technology, and the cognition of the impact of fertilizer on the environment all had significant effects on the chemical fertilizer application behavior of grain farmers. Finally, according to the results of this study, some feasible suggestions are put forward.

Kontribusi Nilai Curahan Kerja Wanita terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani Padi Sawah di Desa Noelbaki, Kecamatan Kupang Tengah, Kabupaten Kupang

This research aims to know number of women working hours in non agricultural and agricultural sectors and their role in grain farmers’ household income. The research has carried out in Noebaki Village, using 46 samples that chosen purposively based on active women.The collected data have been analyzed descriptively. Research result shows that allocation of women working time in five activities compare to men that of eight activities. Total Women time allocation for working as many as 542 HKO (11,40 HKO/person/ in a season),Total while men time allocation as many as 1.119 HKO (24,32 HKO/person/in a season) in seedling, weeding, fertilizing, transport and post harvest activities. Besides that, women are also working in non agricultural sector as a washing cloth and weaving with working times as many as 55.71 HKO and 56,77 HKO consecutively. From this job the women can contribute as much as 1.824.627 IDR or 11.15% to the household income. This contribution is smaller compare to 50% of income. Therefore to increase the women role in economic household, they have to improve their skill in various way as individual or as a group.Key Wors: Labor Outpouring Womens working Value, and , Income contribution

The Outer Bluegrass Region

Nelson County, in the Outer Bluegrass, and the adjoining counties of Larue and Marion were favored locations for distillery development in the nineteenth century.The fertile limestone uplands attracted grain farmers, millers, and distillers. At Fairfield, in northern Nelson County, Irish immigrant Henry McKenna started a steam-powered milling and distilling works in the early 1850s, where he maintained credit accounts for more than 350 customers. McKenna built a new mill, distillery, cooperage, and bottling house, and by the 1890s, the distillery was mashing 100 bushels of grain per day. Railroads arrived in central and southern Nelson County in the 1860s, with extensions in the 1880s. Many established distilleries relocated from traditional water-power sites to the railroad tracks. New Hope in Nelson County and Athertonville in neighboring Larue County were “whiskey towns” that developed adjacent to distilleries to provide housing and services for laborers and managers. Several distillers erected works in Bullitt County near springs and the Louisville& Nashville Railroad tracks. Some historic distillery remnants remain in the area, and one of the nation’s largest distilleries, Jim Beam, still operates at a historic distillery site.