1. Introduction

‘Introduction’ provides an overview of ancient Egypt, beginning with the discovery of the Narmer Palette in 1898. The Narmer Palette is one of a few surviving artefacts from the Nile Valley which can act as microcosms of certain aspects of ancient Egyptian culture as a whole. For the next century or so, this object would be variously interpreted by Egyptologists attempting to solve numerous different problems, from the political origins of the Egyptian state to the nature of Egyptian art and writing. It is important to consider Greek and Roman view of Egypt and consider the link between ancient Egypt and the Bible. The emergence of Egyptology is a fascinating area to explore.

Society Defends Itself: The Biopolitical Dilemma, Singularity of Existence, and Social Black Hole in Covid-19

This essay focuses on the existential conflict between society and politics that has once again come to the fore in the sense of biopolitical theory with the Covid-19 outbreak. It attempts to demonstrate where and how the theory of biopolitics is insufficient at understanding the individual, who has reset all relationships under the circumstances of the pandemic, while providing a certain viewpoint based on true and logical facts. The essay considers this insufficiency as a common deficiency of the various types of biopolitical theory and correlates this to a historical deficiency that has lacked a concept of absolute singularity (i.e., singularity of existence) that would precede the compromises and necessities associated with life in identifying socio-political origins. Thus, the article argues the theory of biopolitics to have persisted in this sense within the theories of classical order, particularly the Hobbesian theory of social contract, based on replicated historical deficiency. Therefore, the key issue of the essay is whether a non-relational moment of existence exists for any nature or framework that refutes all the responsibilities, concessions, or regularities attached to it such that it cannot be appropriated. The essay affirms this issue through a theoretical probability and attempts to view the circumstances present in the Covid-19 phase not as the moment itself but as its signals, messages, and indications. This moment is conceptualized as a social black hole. Thus, the essay examines the destructive and constitutive role of the moment in which life sinks into social black holes.

LIBERALISM AS THE IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL BASIS OF DEMOCRACY

This article focuses on the essence, political content and forms of democracy. The principles and values of liberalism as ideological and political origins of democracy are revealed. There are analysed ideological sources and basic approaches to understanding democracy as a political value and the reasons for its actualisation in contemporary conditions. There are generalised principles and norms for creating and implementing rules for an all-encompassing and unlimited political dialogue in society and between states as a central idea of the value dimension of democracy.