The Role of Non-Adaptive Design Doctrine in Evolutionary Thought

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was, to a certain extent, influenced and shaped by external factors, including the milieu of ideas in the early-nineteenth century, regarding how the natural world should be understood. Therefore, these ideas and their influences have received considerable attention. The role of non-adaptive design ideas, however, has not been fully explored. In particular, Darwin’s requirement and rejection of the religious doctrines of adaptive and non-adaptive design, respectively, are important and often unappreciated. Here, I analyze these ideas and how they influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution. I find they played an important role in both his theory development and justification, revealing a core theological belief in Darwin’s theory; namely, that the creator would not create non-adaptive designs. This paper explores this belief and its context.

HIERARCHY OF HAPPINESS IN AL-SHA’RÂWÎ’S INTERPRETATION OF THE TERM AL-SURÛR FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ABRAHAM MASLOW

Happiness is the foremost goal of humans’ in running their activities. Even the fulfillment of the most basic needs is motivated to achieve it. However, the measure of happiness becomes very difficult to determine. In this context, al-Qur'an guides by mentioning various redactions that have the meaning of happiness, such as al-surûr. Therefore, this study aims to find the happiness fulfillment model described in the Qur'an. This study uses the interpretation of al-Sha'rawi, to narrow the scope of meaning, which is considered more relevant to the context of modern society. This research uses a literature study method with data analysis techniques using the approach of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This research concludes that al-Sha’râwî interprets the word al-surûr as happiness in the world and the hereafter. In the world, happiness is achieved by enjoying sensory beauty, while in the afterlife, it will be achieved by behaving obediently in the world. The achievement of happiness is precisely obtained by fulfilling the needs following the hierarchy of happiness. At the early stage, happiness is achieved through theological belief. This belief will lead to sensory happiness in the world. At the uppermost stage, the peak of happiness can only be reached when humans meet their God.

DASAR-DASAR TEOLOGIS SUNNI UNTUK KONTEKS USAHA (Studi Gagasan Kyai Saleh Darat)

Most of Indonesian Muslims are adherents of ahlu as-sunnah wa al-jama’ah (Sunni). It is therefore easily to be assumed that Indonesian Muslim business- men are also the adherent of the Sunni Muslims groups. This paper explores theological belief systems of Asy’ariyah on work, responsibility and wealth. Muslim’s theological beliefs could explain the motivation of Muslims to work and obtain the wealth. Functionally, a belief that work is a form of individual responsibility, that work is the way to gain wealth, and that all Muslims must work would drive Muslims to active in productive ventures, instead of being fatalistic and mushy. Muslims should realize the important of wealth, because by owning the wealth they could actualize themselves and preclude them from scoundrelly conditions, while at the same time they should also aware that the wealth is belong to God.

FUNGSIONALISASI TEORI PENGANULIRAN (NASKH) DALAM TAFSIR AL-QURAN DAN HUKUM ISLAM: Sebuah Catatan Kritis

The commonly accepted assumption among Muslim scholars is that the abrogation (naskh) theory is regarded as method necessary for interpreting the Qur’ān and for law-making. This article is aimed to explore how it has been used to support ideological interest. At the beginning, some traditions, which are contradictory to each other, ascribed to ‘Alī bin Abī Ṭālib, for instance, which supports the importance of knowledge on naskh should be categorized as unreliable ones. The traditions have been distorted and interpreted in different context to argue for the importance. In wide range of the abuse, the naskh has been used to interpret some ambiguous verses, such as what Aḥmad Al-Baḥrānī, a Shiite scholar, done to set up his own theological belief. Meanwhile, the Muslim jurists have applied it as a method of making of law decision. ‘Abdullah al-Karkhi (w. 340 H), a Hanafite scholar, for instance, used it to attack against legal opinions of non-Hanafite scholars. Since al-Shafi‘is era till contemporary time, the naskh has been regarded as a method of developing Islamic law, of course, in different contexts and trends. Abstrak: Asumsi umum yang sudah diterima di kalangan sarjana Muslim adalah bahwa teori naskh dianggap sebagai perlu yang perlu untuk menafsirkan al-Quran dan untuk penentuan hukum. Artikel ini dimaksudkan untu mengekplorasi bagaimana ia digunakan untuk mendukung kepentingan ideologis. Pada mulanya, beberapa hadis, yang saling bertentangan satu sama lain, yang dianggap bersumber dari ‘Al ī bin Abī Ṭālib, misalnya, yang mendukung pentingnya ilmu pengetahuan tentang naskh harus dikategorikan sebagai yang tidak dapat dipercaya. Hadis-hadis yang terdistorsi dan ditafsirkan dalam konteks yang berbeda untuk membuktikan kepentingan tersebut. Dalam deretan penyalahgunaan, naskh digunakan untuk menafsirkan beberapa ayat yang ambigu, seperti yang dilakukan oleh Aḥmad al-Baḥrānī , seorang ulama Syi‘ah, dalam seperangkat kepercayaan teologis. Sementara itu, para ahli hukum telah menerapkan ini sebagai sebuah metode dalam menentukan hukum. ‘Abdullah al-Karkhi (w. 340 H), seorang bermazhab Ḥanafī, misalnya, menggunakannya untuk menyerang pendapat-pendapat hukum dari mazhab-mazhab non- Ḥanaf ī. Sejak era Syāfi’ī hingga masa kontemporer, naskh telah dianggap sebagai sebuah metode membangun hukum Islam, tentu saja, dalam trend dan konteks yang berbeda. Kata-kata Kunci: abrogation (naskh), abrogating verse (nāsikh), abrogated verse (mansūkh)

La Representation Du Corps Dans La Religieuse De Diderot Et Dans Justine Ou Les Malheurs De La Vertu De Sade

Body representation in the Religious of Diderot and Justine or the misfortunes of virtue Sade is an investigation that seeks to bring the two philosophers of the Enlightenment. Our study presents the design of the body in Western culture while emphasizing the most important trends to compare the views of the two authors. This is to see at what level the body Sade and Diderot is attached to the space because the body enclosed becomes perverted and corrupted. The main female characters testify through a subjective opinion of their misfortunes and persecutions. Their bodies and those of the other characters are objects of pain and suffering. These are linked to pleasure. The approach that we conducted allowed us to see that both authors defend the passions and human freedom and oppose any theological belief that could take away that freedom.

DOES FREE WILL EXIST?

In ‘Do Souls Exist’, I suggested that, while the non-existence of the soul does threaten free will, the threat it possess is inconsequential. Free will faces so many other hurdles that, if those were overcome, the soul's non-existence would be a non-threat. In this paper, I establish this; and to do so, I define the common libertarian notion of free will, and show how neuroscience, determinism, indeterminism, theological belief, axioms in logic, and even Einstein's theory of relativity each entail that libertarian free will does not exist. I conclude by demonstrating why some philosophers reject alternate (compatibilist) understandings of free will, and so believe that the notion we are free is an illusion.

Muslim Artists in America

This chapter draws on ethnographic fieldwork I conducted with Muslim artists in New York City. Working with artists allows us to think about Muslims in new ways that neither restricts them to theological belief nor locates them only at mosques. It allows us to rethink and remap the locations where we normatively find Muslims, to think about artistic practices and identity in different contexts, and to question and make more complex secular and religious divides. Focusing on the works of Zarina Hashmi, Shirin Neshat, Ghada Amer, and Shahzia Sikander, “celebrities” in the mainstream art worlds in the United States and internationally, provides us insight into the processes of art making and creative expression by Muslim artists in secular contexts. By looking at the landscapes of a wider range of Muslim artists and cultural producers, both within the art worlds and in Muslim communities in America, we are better able to appreciate the diversity of their commitments and practices, aesthetic and/or theological.

A “Jew” by Any Other Name?

This essay reviews and assesses current theories concerning the origins of “Jew(s)” and their relation to “Judaean(s)” and “Judaism.” It is organized around the works of four scholars – Shaye Cohen, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Marc Zvi Brettler, and Steve Mason – that epitomize current contending schools of thought on these matters. While there is much of value in each scholar’s arguments, all suffer from problems associated with reserving the category “Jew(s)” exclusively for purported adherents of a system of theological belief termed “Judaism” as well as with historicized evolutionary narratives that find “ethnic Judaeans” superseded by “religious Jews” (Cohen, Blenkinsopp, Mason) or that find “Judaism and Jews” to be subjects of biblical accounts of the earliest Israelites (Brettler).

Using EMDR With Survivors of Sexual Abuse Perpetrated by Roman Catholic Priests

This article reviews research that investigated the idiosyncratic effects of sexual abuse perpetrated by Roman Catholic priests and makes related treatment recommendations. The research determined that this distinct form of sexual trauma generated unique posttraumatic symptoms not accounted for within the existing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder conceptual frameworks. These included significant anxiety and distress in areas such as theological belief, crisis of faith, and fears surrounding the participant’s own mortality. This article makes recommendations about EMDR treatment with clergy abuse survivors, based on these research findings utilizing a survivor’s story to illustrate case formulation and the utilization of process and content cognitive interweaves in addressing episodes of blocked processing.