Neonatal exposure to sevoflurane caused learning and memory impairment via dysregulating SK2 channel endocytosis

Numerous studies have demonstrated that anesthetics’ exposure to neonates imposes toxicity on the developing brain but the underlying mechanisms need to be further elucidated. Our present study aimed to explore the role of small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channel type2 in memory and learning dysfunction caused by exposing neonates to sevoflurane. Postnatal day 7 Sprague-Dawley rats and hemagglutinin-tagged small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channel type2 channel transfected COS-7 cells were exposed to sevoflurane and the trafficking of small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channel type2 channels was analyzed; furthermore, memory and learning ability was analyzed by the Morris water maze test on postnatal day30–35 (juvenile period). Our results showed that sevoflurane exposure inhibited small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channel type2 channel endocytosis in both hippocampi of postnatal day 7 rats and hemagglutinin-tagged small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channel type2 channel transfected COS-7 cells and the memory and learning ability was impaired in the juvenile period after sevoflurane exposure to neonatal rats. Herein, our results demonstrated that exposing neonates to sevoflurane caused memory and learning impairment via dysregulating small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channel type2 channels endocytosis.

Potential and Limits of Cannabinoids in Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a detrimental brain disorder characterized by a gradual cognitive decline and neuronal deterioration. To date, the treatments available are effective only in the early stage of the disease. The AD etiology has not been completely revealed, and investigating new pathological mechanisms is essential for developing effective and safe drugs. The recreational and pharmacological properties of marijuana are known for centuries, but only recently the scientific community started to investigate the potential use of cannabinoids in AD therapy—sometimes with contradictory outcomes. Since the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is highly expressed in the hippocampus and cortex, cannabis use/abuse has often been associated with memory and learning dysfunction in vulnerable individuals. However, the latest findings in AD rodent models have shown promising effects of cannabinoids in reducing amyloid plaque deposition and stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis. Beneficial effects on several dementia-related symptoms have also been reported in clinical trials after cannabinoid treatments. Accordingly, future studies should address identifying the correct therapeutic dosage and timing of treatment from the perspective of using cannabinoids in AD therapy. The present paper aims to summarize the potential and limitations of cannabinoids as therapeutics for AD, focusing on recent pre-clinical and clinical evidence.

Efforts to Overcome Learning Problems through Eclective Counseling with Attending Behavior

Difficulties in student learning are indicated by the existence of certain obstacles to achieving learning outcomes and can be psychological, sociological, or physiological so that in the end it can cause the achievement of learning that is achieved under the proper level. Student learning difficulties include broad terms, including: (a) learning disorder; (b) learning dysfunction; (c) underachiever; (d) slow learner, and (e) learning disabilities. The problems examined in this study are in the form of counseling guidance services with elective therapy on attending behavior to overcome the learning problems of class IX-C students at SMP Negeri 108 Jakarta. The objectives of this study are: (a) To find out the effectiveness of the applied effective counseling model with attending behavior to overcome the learning problems of Class IX-C students at SMP Negeri 108 Jakarta, b) To find out the steps teachers must take in overcoming student learning problems through an effective counseling model with attending behavior, c) To find out the factors that cause problems that arise in class IX-C students' learning at SMP Negeri 108 Jakarta. This study uses a counseling guidance research service, carried out consisting of five stages namely case identification, problem identification, diagnosis, prognosis, and remedial or referral. The study period was three months from August to October 2018. The research subjects were Class IX-C students in 108 State Junior High School Jakarta 2018-2019 Academic Year on the subject of learning problems, in the odd semester with 5 students. The data obtained in the form of case investigations. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that by using an effective therapeutic technique with attending behavior in class IX-C students of SMP Negeri 108 Jakarta there are significant changes in efforts to overcome the learning problems that arise that are traumatic, extraordinary anxiety, unstable soul, and emotional, with categories of values A and B.