Collective Administration of Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) in the Light of the BSA Decision

In this paper the author addresses the issue of collective administration of graphical user interfaces according to the impact of the CJEU decision in BSA v. Ministry of Culture on the case-law in one of EU Member states (Czech Republic). The author analyses the decision of the Czech Supreme Court where this Court concluded that visitors of Internet cafés use graphical user interface actively, which represents relevant usage of a copyrighted works within the meaning of Art. 18 the Czech Copyright Act. In this paper, attention is first paid to the definition of graphical user interface, its brief history and possible regimes of intellectual property protection. Subsequently, the author focuses on copyright protection of graphical user interfaces in the Czech law and interprets the BSA decision from the perspective of collective administration of copyright. Although the graphical user interfaces are independent objects of the copyright protection, if they are used while running the computer program the legal regulation of computer programs has priority. Based on conclusions reached by the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic in the BSA case, the author claims that collective administration of graphical user interfaces is neither reasonable nor effective.

استراتيجية قريش في صنع السلام والمحافظة عليه

Around the 2nd half of the 4th century, the tribe of Qureish gathered in the holly city of Makkah. As the region was dry, arid and dehydrated, trade was the only possible profession but it required peace and security which were difficult to attain. Qureish needed to build a special strategy to achieve peace at that bloody time. Qureish designed it strategy to realize satisfaction and solidarity among the tribe people throw setting up a collective administration and an internal Ellaf (docility). The strategy included avoiding conflicts and wars, utilizing the pagan religion in the service of trade, forming allies and concluded marriages with the big Arabic tribes. Although it was not an easy task, the Qureishis strategy succeeded and the tribe became a prominent figure in Arabia. The ripe fruit of that endeavor work was the establishing of the great Islamic State under the shades of Islam in the 7th century AD.