Coercing to sterilization: classification of species

The article provides a concept of coerced sterilization and structuring of its varieties. The problems and the status of protecting the realization of reproductive rights both at national and international levels have been studied. This research is based on the analysis of the experience and legislation of such countries as Ukraine, Central America and Africa countries, USA, Germany, China, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Singapore, India, Czech Republic, Japan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Moldova and others, illustrating the coercion of persons to surgical sterilization. The UN, WHO and other international and governmental organizations' international legal acts, laws, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) have been studied. The authors have used statistics from international organizations, expert opinions, doctrinal ideas and views on this issue. First, it is proved that this type of sterilization occurs under the pressure of psychological, political, material circumstances. Many states either contribute financially to this phenomenon or establish discriminatory rules against those who do not wish to undergo this medical procedure. Then the classification of this type of sterilization is given: convicted persons, transgender people, HIV-infected persons and representatives of the poorest layers of the population in overpopulated regions are subject to coerced sterilization. The existence of this problem is also due to insufficient legal regulation, gaps in solving the problem of the responsibility for bribery or mental coercion to sterilization, which leads to profanity, so we can overcome obstacles to human reproductive rights only by eliminating or reducing the negative impact of these factors. On the basis of the conducted research it is offered the ways on improving the prevention and punishment of cases of forcing individuals to renounce the right to reproduce one's kind.

Effect of fallopian tube ligation on tubal patency

Among the methods of surgical sterilization of women, ligation of the fallopian tubes is one of the oldest. First used by Lungren in 1880 in a woman with a narrow pelvis, this method, due to its lightness, speed and absence of significant trauma, attracted the attention of gynecologists and quickly found a wide range of applications. Soon, however, reports began to appear in the literature about the unreliability of this sterilization method (Fritsch, Arendt, Nrnberger, Pisemsky, etc.).

New Prospects in Neutering Male Animals Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia

Controlling populations of free-roaming dogs and cats poses a huge challenge worldwide. Non-surgical neutering strategies for male animals have been long pursued, but the implementation of the procedures developed has remained limited to date. As submitting the testes to high temperatures impairs spermatogenesis, the present study investigated localized application of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNH) to the testicles as a potential non-surgical sterilization method for animals. An intratesticular injection of a magnetic fluid composed of manganese-ferrite nanoparticles functionalized with citrate was administered followed by testicle exposure to an alternate magnetic field to generate localized heat. Testicular MNH was highly effective, causing progressive seminiferous tubule degeneration followed by substitution of the parenchyma with stromal tissue and gonadal atrophy, suggesting an irreversible process with few side effects to general animal health.

Feline parasites and the emergence of feline lungworm in the Portland metropolitan area, Oregon, USA 2016–2017

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of internal parasites in feral and free-roaming owned cats in the region of Portland, Oregon, USA. Methods Fecal samples from asymptomatic cats were opportunistically collected from feral cats presented for surgical sterilization (n = 46), as well as free-roaming owned cats (n = 86) presented to primary care clinics. Fecal analysis was performed using the Baermann technique, centrifugal flotation, fluorescent auramine and fluorescent antibody for Giardia species. Results Lungworm infection was identified in 24.2% of owned cats and 17.2% of feral cats. At least 11 unique parasite species were identified in this study. Taenia species and Toxocara cati were identified in higher proportions in feral cats, whereas Giardia species were significantly higher in owned cats. Conclusions and relevance The prevalence of lungworm was higher than has been previously documented in other areas of the USA. In addition, feral cats were infected with a higher percentage of Toxocara species and Taenia but a significantly lower percentage of Giardia species.

Short Term Safety, Immunogenicity, and Reproductive Effects of Combined Vaccination With Anti-GnRH (Gonacon) and Rabies Vaccines in Female Feral Cats

Overpopulation of free-roaming cats is a major problem leading to negative impacts on animal health and welfare, public nuisance, transmission of zoonotic diseases, and well-documented harm to wildlife. Surgical sterilization had failed to provide a practical solution to free-roaming cats' overpopulation under field conditions; therefore, efficient and safe non-surgical immunocontraception methods are aspired. Rabies is a deadly virus that may infect people and animals. However, the safety and efficacy of combined vaccination with anti-GnRH and rabies vaccines in feral cats, which often suffer from disrupted health conditions and experienced high stress level, has never been studied. Therefore, our objective was to examine the short-term safety and efficacy of anti-GnRH vaccine (Gonacon), in combination with rabies vaccine in female feral cats. Mature feral female cats were captured and divided into the following groups: (I) GonaconX1-Rabies: queens vaccinated with both Gonacon and rabies (n = 5); (II) GonaconX2-Rabies: queens vaccinated twice with Gonacon (3 weeks apart) and with Rabies (n = 4); (III) OVx-Rabies: queens ovariohysterectomized and vaccinated with rabies (n = 4); (IV) Intact-Rabies: queens vaccinated against rabies and remained intact (n = 3). Comprehensive veterinary examinations and blood tests were performed every 2 weeks for 14 weeks. Data were analyzed by Repeated-Measures-ANOVA or Fisher-Exact-Test. There were neither systemic nor local adverse reactions at the vaccination sites. Blood count (PCV, TS, RBC, HGB, HCT, WBC) and chemistry (Total protein, Total globulin, Albumin, Urea, Creatinine, Creatine kinase, Bilirubin, GGT, ALT, AST) analyses revealed no differences among groups. There were no differences in serum rabies antibodies titers among groups, and queens kept a protective titer (>0.5 IU/mL) starting at 2–4 weeks after vaccination. Anti-GnRH antibodies were detected in all Gonacon-vaccinated queens, excluding one queen (GonaconX2-Rabies group). Anti-müllerian hormone serum concentrations reduced significantly after ovariohysterectomy, as well as gradually following vaccination with Gonacon, but it remained high in intact queens. Evaluation of vaginal cytology and ovarian histology suggested that reproductive cyclicity was suppressed in Gonacon-vaccinated queens. Our results support the conclusion that in the short term, the combined vaccination with Gonacon and rabies is safe and effective in female feral cats. However, further long-term studies are warranted to test this immunologic regimen in feral cats.

THE HUMAN RIGHT TO STERILIZATION: MEDICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT

The aim: To consider the general principles of the human right to sterilization in terms of medicine and law. Materials and methods: Formal-logical methods of analysis and synthesis allowed to reveal the content of the concepts that make up the subject of research, to classify them, as well as to formulate intermediate and general conclusions. The systematic method allowed to study the role and significance of right to sterilization among other human rights and freedoms. Using the historical method, the doctrinal basis of the study was analyzed, and the main stages of the formation of category “right to sterilization” with human participation were identified. Conclusions: The issue of surgical sterilization should not be considered during contractions, as happened in this particular case, but before or after childbirth, because a woman in childbirth can not adequately perceive information and make such important decisions. If this decision is made after delivery, the doctor must make sure that the patient is psychologically healthy. In addition, the consent for surgical sterilization of the spouses must be signed together. Although this procedure follows from the human right to dispose of one’s own body, however, in the presence of marriage, referring to Part 2 of Art. 54 of the IC of Ukraine, which states that all important issues of the family should be resolved by the spouses together, on the basis of equality. If such a decision is made by the wife alone, she must be considered to have committed the wrongful conduct.