Cropping pattern of Konkan region on the basis of probabilistic rainfall and soil characteristics

ABSTRACT- Cropping pattern at any place of humid tropics basically depends on soils and efficient management of abundant rainfall. Climate of Konkan region IS warm and humid. Rainfall is very high and varies usually from 200 to 350 cm. Rainfall probability has been computed at different levels of 16 stations of this region by fitting Gamma distribution model to weekly rainfall total. The existing cropping pattern was studied in relation with assured rainfall at different probability levels. Suitable cropping patterns based on assured rainfall and soils of the region have been suggested to increase production.

Entangled impacts of large-scale monsoon flows and terrain circulations on the diurnal cycle of rainfall over the Himalayas

The diurnal features of rainfall over the Himalayas have been widely investigated, but their triggers remain unclear. In this work, we divided the Himalayas and surroundings into four regions, including the plains, foothills, slopes, and plateau, and investigated the above issues. The results show that the rainfall total is controlled by large-scale monsoon flows while its meridional distribution is regulated by terrain circulations. The afternoon rainfall peak in the plains and foothills is linked with the intersection of two monsoon flows. The southward-shifting rainfall peak, which occurs from midnight to early morning in the slopes and foothills, is affected by the nighttime downslope flow and the strong Bay of Bengal monsoon flow in the morning. The evening rainfall peak in the plateau and high-altitude slopes is thought to be a result of the atmospheric layer being at its moistest at that time.

Determinants of Fallow Land in Different Districts of Madhya Pradesh

The research study based on time series secondary data (2001-02 to 2015-16) of 51 district which were related to net area sown, rainfall, total fallow land, area under non agricultural uses and net irrigated area. The whole Madhya Pradesh was subdivided into two head i.e. major (14) and other fallow land (37) districts for the study. The area under fallow land showed decreasing trend by -19.26 percent from 601.90 thousand ha (The base year) to 485.99 thousand ha (The current year) with fluctuation of 9.94 percent (56.80 thousand ha) and magnitude of -8.97 thousand ha per year this also showed a negative compound growth of 0.98 percent per year during the period under study. The 1.00 per cent increase in net area irrigated to net area sown resulting highly significant decrease in share of total fallow land to total net sown area by 0.27 per cent. The aim of study was find out the fallow land in various districts of Madhya Pradesh.

Validation of Satellite Rainfall Products for Western Uganda

Central equatorial Africa is deficient in long-term, ground-based measurements of rainfall; therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of three high-resolution, satellite-based rainfall products in western Uganda for the 2001–10 period. The three products are African Rainfall Climatology, version 2 (ARC2); African Rainfall Estimation Algorithm, version 2 (RFE2); and 3B42 from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, version 7 (i.e., 3B42v7). Daily rainfall totals from six gauges were used to assess the accuracy of satellite-based rainfall estimates of rainfall days, daily rainfall totals, 10-day rainfall totals, monthly rainfall totals, and seasonal rainfall totals. The northern stations had a mean annual rainfall total of 1390 mm, while the southern stations had a mean annual rainfall total of 900 mm. 3B42v7 was the only product that did not underestimate boreal-summer rainfall at the northern stations, which had ~3 times as much rainfall during boreal summer than did the southern stations. The three products tended to overestimate rainfall days at all stations and were borderline satisfactory at identifying rainfall days at the northern stations; the products did not perform satisfactorily at the southern stations. At the northern stations, 3B42v7 performed satisfactorily at estimating monthly and seasonal rainfall totals, ARC2 was only satisfactory at estimating seasonal rainfall totals, and RFE2 did not perform satisfactorily at any time step. The satellite products performed worst at the two stations located in rain shadows, and 3B42v7 had substantial overestimates at those stations.

Tropical Cyclone Contribution to Rainfall over Australia

Tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall over the Australian continent is studied using observations from 41 TC seasons 1969/70 to 2009/10. A total of 318 storms, whose centers either crossed the coastline or were located within 500 km of the coast, are considered in this study. Mean seasonal (November/April) contributions by TCs to the total rainfall are largest along the northern coastline from 120°–150°E. However, the percentage contributions by TCs are greatest west of 125°E, with mean coastal values of 20%–40% and inland values of approximately 20%. Farther east, percentages near the coast are only around 10%, and even lower inland. Inland penetration by TC rainfall is generally greatest over western portions of the continent, associated with greater inland penetration of TC tracks. During the peak of the TC season (January–March), TCs contribute around 40% to the rainfall total of coastal regions west of 120°E, while during December, TCs contribute approximately 60%–70% to the total rainfall west of 115°E. Rain from TCs varies sharply between TC seasons, with some longitude bands receiving no TC rain during some seasons. For the 110°–115°E longitude band the TC rain contribution is quite inconsistent, varying interannually from 0%–86%. This has an impact on water supplies, with storage dams falling to low levels during some years, while filling to capacity during TC-related flood events in other years. These large interannual variations and their impacts underline why it is important to understand TC rainfall characteristics over the Australian continent.

VALIDATION TECHNIQUE FOR SIMPLE OPERATIONAL USE (INDRAMAYU, SUMEDANG, AND MAJALENGKA DISTRICTS CASE OF 2003) TEKNIK VALIDASI UNTUK PENGGUNAAN OPERASI SEDERHANA (KASUS KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU, SUMEDANG, DAN MAJALENGKA TAHUN 2003)

The model output of rainfall total prediction has to be validated before being applied to the operational use. After understanding the accuracy of this rainfall total prediction output, one has to make decision whether applying it in the field or not. This depends upon the value of accuracy as well. Validation technique for simple operational use can be made by applying Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and spatial rainfall defferentiation values (ΔRR). The Wavelet Transformation Technique (WTT) for providing rainfall total prediction output of rainy and transition seasons 2003 had been applied to the domain of interest Indramayu, Sumedang, and Majalengka districts. Results show that during January 2003 (rainy season respectively) r = 0.65 with RMSE = 296 mm and 75.39% spatial disagreement area; but within April 2003 (transition season respectively) r = 0.49 with RMSE = 152 mm and 43.55% spatial disagreement area. Topography condition has play a role to the rainfall deferenciation values, especially for Lee-ward location. This is described by higher differentiation values of rainfall total prediction after reaching the top of elevation above mean sea level.