HÁ TANTOS LIBERTOS QUE VIVEM NA MISÉRIA. ADEMAIS, NÃO PODIA VIVER SEM MEU SENHOR: REPRESENTAÇÕES SOBRE ESCRAVIDÃO E LIBERDADE NA NOVELA O PATUÁ, DE CARLOS JANSEN (1878/1879)

Nos anos de 1878 e 1879 foi publicada em forma de folhetim, na Revista Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro), a novela O Patuá, descrita por Walter Spalding como “notável ensaio de ficção sobre usos e costumes gauchescos”. Essa revista foi fundada por Carlos Jansen, Sílvio Romero, Franklin Távora e Machado de Assis, sendo o primeiro deles o autor dessa novela-folhetim. O alemão Carlos Jansen integrou o grupo dos brummers, mercenários contratados pelo imperador brasileiro para lutarem contra Juan Manuel de Rosas e Manuel Oribe, no período de 1851 e 1852. Após os combates, Jansen permaneceu no Rio Grande do Sul como professor, funcionário provincial ligado à imigração e intelectual (jornalista, romancista e tradutor), depois mudando-se para o Rio de Janeiro, onde também lecionou, morrendo em 1889. O intento desse artigo é analisar essa novela, percebendo as representações nela presentes sobre a escravidão e, em especial, sobre os africanos para cá trazidos pela diáspora transatlântica. Percebemos também que essa obra serviu para o autor construir uma autoimagem positiva, a qual nos permite perceber como se estruturava no período a imagem de um intelectual/homem de letras.Palavras-chave: Escravidão. Africanos. Imigração. Literatura.ABSTRACTIn the years 1878 and 1879, the soap opera O Patuá was published in the Brazilian magazine (Rio de Janeiro), the novel O Patuá, described by Walter Spalding as “a remarkable fiction essay on gauchescos uses and customs”. This magazine was founded by Carlos Jansen, Sílvio Romero, Franklin Távora and Machado de Assis, the first of whom was the author of this soap opera. The German Carlos Jansen was part of the group of brummers, mercenaries hired by the Brazilian emperor to fight against Juan Manuel de Rosas and Manuel Oribe, between 1851 and 1852. After the fighting, Jansen remained in Rio Grande do Sul as a teacher, connected provincial official immigration and intellectuals, later moving to Rio de Janeiro, where he died in 1889. The purpose of this article is to analyze this novel, realizing the representations present in it about slavery and, in particular, about the Africans brought here by the diaspora transatlantic. We also realized that this work served for the author to build a positive self-image, which allows us to understand how the image of an intellectual / man of letters was structured in the period.Keywords: Slavery. Africans. Immigration. literature.

1 Scritture meticce – Narrazioni diasporiche

This essay introduces the main themes of Scrivere di Islam. Raccontare la diaspora. It focuses on the historical, cultural and literary encounter between Italy and Somalia with a particular emphasis on Shirin Ramzanali Fazel’s life and literary career. It also discusses the impact of immigration literature on the Italian literary and cultural field. The analysis presents collaboration as a decolonial practice, which can produce unconventional outcomes such as a hybrid text like Scrivere di Islam. Raccontare la diaspora. Collaboration between writers and scholars can enrich critical enquiry and create texts and activities that potentially have a broader impact on a general audience.

Introduction

Retracing and resisting the long and controversial use of the terms “beur” and “post-beur” first coined by literary critics of immigration literature and cinema, this preface affirms the central place of a new generation of authors with roots in North Africa, who use French as their language of choice in film, television, or literature in order to break the chains of ideological, literary, memorial, spatial, gender, sexual and ethnic constraints. These new writers and filmmakers stage identity in flux, undermine the ideological division of cultural space, engage in postmemorial work, and collapse clichés and stereotypes. The preface continues to define the orientation of the whole volume, which does not seek to examine literature in contrast with film or television, but instead emphasizes the common strategies and themes that bridge the generic divide and define the joint cultural corpus dedicated to the issues of immigration to France and of post-colonial heritage. The preface further outlines the theoretical perspectives used in the essays and pays tribute to the works of Fiona Barclay, Stuart Hall, Alec Hargreaves, Will Higbee, Marianne Hirsch, Benjamin Stora, Carrie Tarr, and others.

Odwoływanie granic (Biograficzne i poetyckie przekroczenia Jerzego Ficowskiego)

Revoking boundaries (Jerzy Ficowski’s biographical and poetic transcension) The article describes the phenomenon of “revoking” or transcending boundaries, present both in the family tradition and biography of Jerzy Ficowski and in his artistic choices. The biographical reflection focuses especially on the figure of the poet’s father, a bearer of the multicultural experiences of Polish communities in pre-revolutionary Russia, the post-war contacts Ficowski had with emigrant authors and the Jewish diaspora, as well as on the poet’s transcending the boundaries of state-censored works in the mid 1970s. At the same time, the article is looking for a iunctim between the openness encoded in Ficowski’s biography and his poetic language. In doing so, it describes the latter’s qualities, such as meaning inconstancy, semantic opalization of words, homonyms and antonyms incessantly destabilizing the boundaries of word and verse, that seem to be an equivalent of the discussed openness. In particular, attention is drawn to the influence the 1970s had on boosting the semantic potential of Ficowski’s poetry.Key words: Jerzy Ficowski; Tadeusz Ficowski; multiculturalism; hieroglyph; history in poetry; immigration literature;

Immigration Policy and Identification Across Borders

According to the traditional state sovereignty view in the ethics of immigration literature, societies have a great deal of latitude in determining and implementing their immigration policies. This view is typically defended by appealing to the rights of members of societies, for instance to political self-determination. Opponents of the view have often criticized its partiality to members, arguing that nonmembers can also make stringent demands on societies to be admitted and given the same treatment in matters of immigration policy as other nonmembers. In this paper, I take a different approach to responding to the state sovereignty view. I argue that even if we grant the premise that the rights of members generally trump the rights of nonmembers in matters of immigration policy, societies are greatly constrained in setting their immigration policies by considerations of domestic justice. The considerations that I focus on involve relationships between members and nonmembers that hold due to a shared quality or set of qualities on the basis of which members identify with nonmembers. The argument appeals to premises and principles that defenders of the state sovereignty view are committed to but concludes that this view cannot serve as a satisfactory framework for the normative assessment of immigration policies.