The Laws of Moses and the Laws of the Emperor

This chapter focuses on marriage and divorce, which symbolizes the Galician Jewry’s failure to internalize Austrian legal and civil norms. It talks about Galician Jews that married clandestinely in accordance with Jewish law but in violation of Austrian law, causing children of such marriages that carried their mother’s last name to be considered illegitimate. It also examines how the application of Austrian marriage and divorce laws to Habsburg Jewry developed and illustrates the impact of these laws on Galician Jewry. The chapter focuses on the two division of the marriage and divorce laws: legislation that applied throughout the Habsburg empire and political laws or local ordinances that applied to Galician Jews. It talks about how the division affected the way many Galician Jews viewed the law of the land.

Key Considerations for Lawyers Shepherding Communities through Long-Term Recovery from Major Disasters

Lawyers play essential roles in creating and rolling out community postdisaster long-term recovery programs. Those programs involve counseling public entities about highly contested recovery decisions. They include designing new government and nonprofit institutions. They require developing new legal infrastructures, including statutes and local ordinances to implement a wide range of multimillion-dollar programs. They also demand drafting volumes of entirely new policies and procedures, contracts, and intergovernmental agreements to establish the legal relationships, the organizational responsibilities, and the ethics and values to guide newly minted recovery programs. The resulting legal framework can leverage significant funding to produce lasting improvements; or it can suffocate rebuilding in a regulatory straightjacket laced up at the local, state, and federal levels. This chapter highlights the strategies that may prove most successful in helping communities recover from catastrophic disaster, including specific examples of lawyers’ successes and failures in helping shepherd communities toward long-term recovery from major disasters.

A Study on the Necessity of Enactment of Framework Act on Social Economy: Focusing on the Status and Contents of Si and Gun’s Local Ordinances related to Social Economy in Gyeonggi-do

Social-economic entities, such as village enterprises and cooperatives, have appeared in addition to social enterprises since the ‘Social Enterprise Promotion Act’ was enacted, and local governments have established ordinances to support them. However, the ordinances have not been generalised and applied as there is no specific definition of ‘Social Economy’ in the applicable parent Act - Social Enterprise Promotion Act. This research aims to revitalise the social economy in local cities and counties in Gyeonggi-do. Thus, the paper has conducted a comparative analysis of the characteristics of the local authorities’ ordinances. The study has identified complex problems of the local ordinances and suggests potential directions for further developments for the ‘Social Economy Ordinances’. The results of the exploration are as follows. Firstly, 27 out of 31 cities and counties in Gyeonggi-do have established and implemented the ‘Social Economy Ordinances’; however, most of them have not specified ‘parent laws’ of the ordinances. Secondly, although, the definitions of ‘Social Economy Ordinances’ are varied in individual local governments in Gyeonggi-do, they have been using similar keywords. Thirdly, the target scopes of the policies under the current ‘Social Economy Ordinances’ operated by local authorities are inconsistent and incoherent in terms of the system of norm and effectiveness. Thus, the ordinances are needed to be collectively reorganised and modified when the Basic Act on Social Economy are enacted. Although the scopes of support are proper in terms of the system of effectiveness, it is necessary to improve the post-management sections for the policy of supporting the social economy.

Statewide, Local, and Congressional Elections

The vast majority of campaigns and elections in the United States occur at the state and local levels, and include everything from gubernatorial and big-city mayoral contests to local ordinances to electing dogcatchers. Although much of our attention is on presidential contests, it is...