Koncepcja polityczności Chantal Mouffe a poststrukturalizm w filozofii interpretacji prawniczej

The present article deals with the political nature of the interpretation theory, using poststructuralism as a source of reflection. The analysis is conducted by using poststructuralist epistemology and poststructuralist political theory. The thesis of this article, which is metatheoretical in nature, is that the poststructuralist concepts of legal interpretation can be used only after simultaneously adopting the assumptions of the political philosophy which originated in poststructuralism. Chantal Mouffe’s concept of the political is very much tied to considerations about agonistic democracy and agonistic pluralism, which gives us original answers to the questions of how society, the political system, and the legal system can help us prevent the emergence and flourishing of authoritarianism. The first part of the text presents the poststructuralist definition of the political and politics as well as shows its importance for the analysis of the contemporary legal interpretation concepts. In the next part, the author discusses the topic of poststructuralism in jurisprudence and its most important features for a change in the discourse of philosophy of interpretation. The third part of the article examines poststructuralist anti-essentialism using the example of one from among the most famous neopragmatist and poststructuralist philosophers — Stanley Fish. In the fourth and last part of the considerations, the thesis about the necessity of joint use of poststructuralist epistemology and political theory for research on legal interpretation is verified and metatheoretical conclusions are drawn from it.

Fiction May Confront Theories. Locating Determinism of the Newspeak in G. Orwell’s 1984

The paper focuses on the relationships between theory and practice and the consequences of dislocating theory from practice as they are illustrated through fiction. The case study carried out here concerns an exemplary novel, Ninety Eighty-Four by George Orwell, observing how the literary discourse can display a confrontation between two linguistic models, each resulted from a different theory: “instrumentalism” (Winston Smith) and “determinism” (O’ Brien). Also, the possibility of identifying an Orwellian model as opposed to the Sapir-Whorf and the linguistic models deserves examination. Newspeak is full of problematic aspects: ideology shapes the language by means of “wooden language” (la langue de bois, in Françoise Thom’s terms). Therefore, the historical “regime of relevance” (Galin Tihanov) makes possible a peculiar (use of) theory: an instrument that translates the ideology becomes the very essence of the determinist theory on the language in a totalitarian state. In discussing the practical consequences of literary theory, Stanley Fish points out that they are inexistent, because theory can never be united with practice, as it is actually impossible to separate theory from practice – a similar observation made by Steven Knapp and Walter B. Michaels. Whether consequences are real poses a challenge: following Edward Said’s argument, Steven Mailloux observes that theory can be consequential by rhetorical means: theory does what all discursive practices do and that is that it attempts to persuade its readers (or population in a totalitarian state) to adopt its point of view, its way of seeing texts and the world.

Reflection on the Identity of the Outermost Indonesian Community on Sebatik Island through Malaysian Television Broadcasts

This study aims to analyze the interpretation of Indonesian people in Sebatik Island towards Malaysian television programs. The Sebatik community is a marginalized community who does not have access to Indonesian television broadcasts. To get Indonesian television broadcasts, they have to buy satellite dishes which the majority of the people of Sebatik Island cannot afford. But on the other hand there is a leak of Malaysian television broadcasts in the Sebatik Island area. In this case, they rely on Malaysian television broadcasts which are very accessible at all times. This situation continued for many years and Malaysian television broadcasts became the main source of communication media. This study uses the theory of Interpretive Communities, Stanley Fish. The methodology used in this study is reception analysis through focus group discussions, and observation as a data collection technique. Focus Group Discussion was conducted on the people of Sebatik Island who met the criteria in the study. The results showed that Malaysian television broadcasts were used as the main television broadcast of the Sebatik community in their daily lives. Malaysian television which contains the values and meanings of the Malaysian state is interpreted by the Indonesian people on the border of Sebatik Island. The interpretation results show that life in Malaysia is an ideal and perfect life for the people of Sebatik Island. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interpretasi masyarakat Indonesia di Pulau Sebatik terhadap program televisi Malaysia. Masyarakat Sebatik adalah masyarakat terpinggir yang tidak memiliki akses siaran televisi Indonesia. Untuk mendapatkan siaran televisi Indonesia, mereka harus membeli parabola yang harganya tidak mampu dibayar oleh mayoritas masyarakat Pulau Sebatik. Namun disisi lain terdapat kebocoran siaran televisi Malaysia di kawasan Pulau Sebatik. Dalam hal ini, mereka mengandalkan siaran televisi Malaysia yang sangat mudah diakses setiap saat. Situasi ini berlangsung selama bertahun-tahun dan siaran televisi Malaysia menjadi sumber utama media komunikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Interpretive Communities, Stanley Fish. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis resepsi melalui focus group discussion, dan observasi sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Focus Group Discussion dilakukan terhadap masyarakat Pulau Sebatik yang memenuhi kriteria dalam penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siaran televisi Malaysia digunakan sebagai siaran televisi utama komunitas Sebatik dalam kesehariannya. Televisi Malaysia yang bermuatan nilai dan makna negara Malaysia di interpretasi oleh masyarakat Indonesia di perbatasan Pulau Sebatik. Hasil interpretasi menunjukan, kehidupan yang ada di Malaysia merupakan kehidupan yang ideal dan sempurna bagi masyarakat Pulau Sebatik.

Metadiscourse as a Way of Achieving Persuasion in Literary Criticism Texts

This study aims at examining the use of metadiscourse markers in literary criticism texts to identify the role of the reader and how these markers are used to produce more persuasive essays. The data of 72,727 words from 17 texts were written by three well-known authors, namely, T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf and Stanley Fish. Hyland’s (2005) model of interpersonal metadiscourse markers was used to analyze the data. The analysis revealed that metadiscourse markers are used by literary critics to create coherent and persuasive texts. It was found out that the theory of criticism adopted by the literary critics does not affect the use of metadiscourse markers only maybe in terms of relying more on logos, ethos or pathos. The results of this study comply with those of previous research showing that metadiscourse markers are frequently used in literary criticism texts. This study will contribute to both the literary genre and the genre of critical essays by identifying the linguistic features to be used to produce more effective and convincing literary criticism texts. It will also help future critics to write more persuasive texts by highlighting the means that enable them to influence their readers and to produce more coherent and convincing texts. Keywords metadiscourse; persuasion; literary criticism; essays; critical theory

El papel del lector y su auge en la reciente teoría literaria francesa

En el terreno de la teoría de la Literatura, el debate que cerró el siglo pasado fue el de los límites de la interpretación: por una parte, estudiosos como Umberto Eco defendían que el texto posee un sistema de coherencia interna que limita el número de interpretaciones posibles; por otra, autores estadounidenses como Rorty o Culler proclamaban la libertad total del lector en el proceso de creación de significados. En los dos primeros decenios del siglo XXI, los teóricos del ámbito francófono parecen inclinarse mayoritariamente por la segunda opción. La influencia de los trabajos de Michel Charles y de Stanley Fish ha dado lugar a nuevas aproximaciones críticas como la teoría de los textos posibles (Michel Charles y grupo Fabula), la crítica intervencionista (Pierre Bayard) o el postextualismo (Franc Schuerewegen), que coinciden en la idea de que las propiedades del texto (coherencia, significado, literariedad) son en realidad aportaciones del lector. A partir de aquí, la misión del crítico no es tanto interpretar el texto como actualizarlo a partir de una lectura innovadora y creativa que en última instancia se identifica con la reescritura.

MỘT SỐ HƯỚNG VẬN DỤNG LÍ THUYẾT ĐỘC GIẢ-PHẢN HỒI VÀO DẠY HỌC ĐỌC HIỂU VĂN BẢN VĂN HỌC THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH NGỮ VĂN 2018

Lí thuyết tiếp nhận là một trong những cơ sở xây dựng định hướng Chương trình Ngữ văn (CTNV) 2018 của Việt Nam về dạy đọc hiểu văn bản văn học; do đó, lí thuyết này cần được vận dụng vào thực tiễn dạy học đọc hiểu văn bản văn học ở trường phổ thông một cách đúng đắn. Độc giả-phản hồi (ĐG-PH), một nhánh của lí thuyết tiếp nhận, cho đến nay đã được vận dụng sâu rộng vào việc dạy học đọc hiểu ở trường phổ thông của nhiều nước trên thế giới. Bài viết nghiên cứu các nguyên tắc và biện pháp vận dụng lí thuyết ĐG-PH vào việc khai thác và phát huy phản hồi văn học của học sinh (HS) trong giờ học đọc hiểu văn bản văn học theo CTNV 2018. Phương pháp nghiên cứu được sử dụng là phân tích và tổng hợp lí thuyết, nhằm làm rõ nội hàm khái niệm “sự tương tạo thẩm mĩ” (Louise Rosenblatt) và “cộng đồng diễn giải” (Stanley Fish) trong lí thuyết ĐG-PH, phân tích định hướng của CTNV 2018 về dạy học đọc hiểu văn bản văn học, tổng hợp các cơ sở lí luận để đề xuất các nguyên tắc và biện pháp dạy học cụ thể cho giáo viên (GV) phổ thông.

Experiencing a Biblical Self-Consuming Artifact: Jesus’ Genealogy (Matt 1:2-17)

Matt 1:17 indicates that Jesus’ genealogy is formed by three series of fourteen generations; however, this total number of generations does not match the preceding list in Matt 1:2-16. Interpreters have proposed multiple ways to understand this inconsistency which have yet to be collected and evaluated. A double literature review displays the limitations of this seemingly insoluble biblical conundrum. This article presents the tension between verse 17 and verses 2-17 of Matthew’s gospel as a puzzling reading experience that can best be described, in line with Stanley Fish, as a self-consuming artifact: an experience of incongruity in which the text and the reader are transformed through a process of negation. This approach also highlights other potential reversals in Matthew 1, such as Davidic traditions, that can yield a renewed outlook on this gospel.