“Toxic” American literature

The subject of this research is the behavior model of the characters in modern American literature. The goal lies in examination of the key attributes of “toxicity” as an element of artistic world resembled in modern American literature. The object of this research is the prose of Chuck Palahniuk. It is established that “toxicity” is one of the plotline components for building the characters of the heroes in modern American literature. The conducted analysis of the images of heroes and the components of artistic world of C. Palahniuk’s prose allows concluding that “toxicity” is not only the binding element in the artistic world of American literature, but also a construct that forms the dynamic development of the heroes. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this article is first to analyze “toxicity” as an artistic element of modern American literary texts. Prior to that, “toxicity” as a phenomenon was viewed from the perspective of psychological, sociological, and philosophical research. Therefore, the study of the phenomenon of toxicity in literature is of particular relevance due to its interdisciplinarity. The author believes that the types ad peculiarities of “toxicity” as an element of the artistic world in modern American literature, as well as interaction of other structural elements should be also viewed on the example of other works of modern American literature. The characteristic features that unite the works as a transgressive prose should be determined and compared.

Corpos (im)perfeitos e versões do inferno em chuck palahniuk e john hughes

O romance Condenada: a vida é curta: a morte é eterna (2013), de Chuck Palahniuk, mantém referências explícitas a diversas produções cinematográficas, em especial com o filme O clube dos cinco (1985), de John Hughes. A protagonista de Palahniuk, Madison Spencer, uma adolescente rica, gorda e mimada, encontra-se no inferno, presa em uma cela imunda. Percebendo que está cercada de outras quatro pessoas também condenadas, cada uma com aptidões e características físicas bem distintas (uma líder de torcida, um jogador de futebol americano, um nerd e um punk), Madison decide que o grupo deve explorar o inferno em busca de uma saída; ao invés de aceitar passivamente a danação eterna. Já a narrativa de Hughes apresenta uma metáfora do inferno. Cinco alunos provenientes de realidades diversas estão de castigo e têm como punição passar o sábado presos na biblioteca escrevendo, cada um, o inventário de suas vidas e, de forma semelhante ao grupo de Madison, também buscam uma escapatória desta funesta realidade. Este estudo comparativo entre essas narrativas está apoiado nas teorias do grotesco de Geoffrey Harpham e Margaret Miles que defendem os seguintes recursos pictóricos: caricatura, inversão e hibridização. Sob essa óptica, pode-se inferir que a narrativa de Palahniuk se espelha na versão fílmica de Hughes. Enquanto um enfoca uma representação do inferno, na qual a figura do demônio chefe é desempenhada pelo diretor da escola, o outro apresenta o inferno per se, chefiado por um Satã que, como o diretor da escola, quase nunca está presente.

VARIABLY-INTERPRETIVE POTENTIAL OF THE LITERARY TEXT AND ITS REALIZATION IN THE TRANSALTION (BASED ON CHUCK PALAHNIUK'S NOVEL "FIGHT CLUB")

The article examines the variability of translation of the text of fiction as performed by different translators. The purpose of the work is to study and identify the diversity of the translation strategies and features of their application in the translation of a literary text. The method of comparative analysis proved to be effective in the scientific investigation. The subject of the research is a literary text, its original and translation. The postulates of translation theorists on linguistic variability and multiplicity of translations have been outlined. The subjective-objective activity of the translator as a mediator in bilingual communication was highlighted. The peculiarities of Chuck Palahniuk's writing style have been determined and the preservation of the author's individual style in Ukrainian translations has been analyzed. A comparative analysis of fragments of the translation of the literary text made by Ukrainian translators has been carried out. It was discovered that in the process of translation the translator relies not only on his knowledge of the languages, but also on the general knowledge of other areas of human life. It has been established that the perception and understanding of the text by the recipients depends on how the translator interprets the text of the original and how adequately s/he conveys its context and whether s/he is able to preserve the author's style. The study was based on the novel "Fight Club" by the contemporary American writer Chuck Palahniuk and its translations into Ukrainian by Illia Strongovskyi and Oleh Lesko. It has been proved that translations made into the same language by different translators can differ significantly from each other.

EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN "FIGHT CLUB" NOVEL (1996) PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY

This research paper analyzed the ego defense mechanism by Sigmund Freud that are found in the main character of “Fight Club“ novel. The author of novel is Chuck Palahniuk in 1996. This research applied qualitative study, and the data are derived from the novel. The researcher focuses on causes of defense mechanism, the ego defense mechanism that the main character experienced and the effect that the main character got. The researcher found that anxiety is the cause why defense mechanism of the main character can active. The main character also applied ego defense mechanism namely displacement and reaction formation. And the effect for the main character is he becomes more bravely and easier to accept the reality. The ego defense mechanism is an unconscious psychological process that helps a person overcome anxiety due to a stressful internal or external environment. The defense mechanism finds its origin in Freud's structural theory of mind, which divides the human mind into three parts: id, ego, and superego. The interaction of the ego and superego gives rise to morality, guilty, and a conscience.

The image of a teenage girl in Chuck Palahniuk’s novel “Cursed”

The goal of this research is determination of specificity of the image of the heroine in the novel by a contemporary American writer Chuck Palahniuk “Cursed”. The article analyzes such aspects as the inner world of the character, relationship with parents, agemates and society in the two contrasting words: real world, during the lifetime of the heroine, and surreal, in hell, after her death. Detailed description of the character allows seeing two different guises of the heroine, while application of literary analysis allows analyzing the traits of the protagonist and place within the system of artistic world of Chuck Palahniuk’s prose. The paper presents a review of scientific pursuits of the Russian and foreign scholars dealing with the works of Chuck Palahniuk. The novelty of this research consists in determination of dual nature of the image of a teenager reflected in the two-world realm created by C. Palahniuk. The analysis demonstrated that in to contrasting worlds, the image of a teenager transforms and manifests differently. In the real world, it is a modest girl, with multiple feelings of inferiority, who has complicated relationships with parents and surrounding people. In the surreal world, she attains new traits, such as authoritativeness, courage, ability to maintain friendships. The conclusion is made that that Chuck Palahniuk creates two images of the heroine. Paradox lies in the fact that an unsuccessful individual in a real world becomes successful in the afterlife. Practical value of this article is defined by its contribution into the theory of literary image, particularly, future development of the methodology for studying the image of the character in transgressive prose.

Imprese e letteratura

Two recent books try to redefine the economic and financial systems bringing them back to documents (Ferraris) and to instinctive drives (Mazzarella). This essay reviews some of the most important novels of the third millennium about entrepreneurs to test the cogency of these concepts. From American Pastoral by Philip Roth to Beautiful You by Chuck Palahniuk, from The Human Resources Manager by Abraham Yehoshua to Zero K by Don DeLillo, the essay describes the present world as a society of wasted desire and the life of the company as a constant search for meaning.

CHUCK PALAHNIUK’S FIGHT CLUB UNDER A DIFFERENT LENS: PRESSURES ON THE MALE BODY IN COMMUNITY AND THE QUESTION OF MASCULINITY

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la novela de Chuck Palahniuk El Club de la Lucha (1996) desde un punto de vista diferente, el de las teorías comunitarias. Para enriquecer dicho estudio, este campo se combinará con los estudios de género, específicamente en los estudios de masculinidades. La novela describe la formación de una comunidad simbólicamente saturada, la del “club de la lucha”, cuyos miembros están obsesionados con una figura paternal ausente, incluido el protagonista. Sin embargo, su crisis existencial se resolverá gracias a su encuentro con Marla Singer, en el que Tyler Durden tendrá un papel fundamental: actuará como figura catalizadora, filtrando los simbolismos saturados que limitan la identidad esencialista del personaje principal. Como resultado, el protagonista podrá conectar con el personaje femenino principal, Marla Singer, de forma inorgánica, donde serán capaces de mostrar su individualidad de forma significativa.

Chuck Palahniuk as a Versatile and Multifaceted Penman

Chuck Palahniuk is the recent American novelist, journalist and essayist. He is known for his transgression fiction. Chuck Palahniuk’s ideas have been described as nihilistic but he has declined this identity and he labeling himself as a romantic writer. His books often focused on temporal end and also include some similar plot twists. His writings mainly focused on the struggles which we faced nowadays due to this growth of techno culture. Palahniuk’s concepts and themes are too strange to believe. He is the man of argument in which he argues the struggles between money and agony. There are some postmodern techniques and odd theories used by him. This article focused Palahniuk’s writing style, techniques, and as well as thematical study of his novels.