Hvem er “vi” egentlig?

This article explores Paul’s use of first-person plural forms in Galatians (specifically Gal 2:15-16; 3:13-14; 3:23-29; 4:1-7 and 4:26 and 31). Proponents of the ‘Sonderweg perspective’ and of ‘the radical new perspective on Paul’ argue that Paul uses these forms as a rhetorical device. He seeks to identify himself with his non-Jewish audience without implying that he himself nor his fellow Jews share in ‘our’ (i.e., non-Jewish) experiences. In opposition to this view, this article presents a ‘new Pauline perspective’ understanding of Paul’s use of ‘we’/’our’. Instead of assuming that his ‘we’ should be construed as ‘you’, it is argued that it ought to be seen as an inclusive ‘we’. Throughout his argumentation in Galatians Paul actively alludes to experiences that he himself and his fellow Christ-believing Jews have partaken in, including the reception of the Spirit, adoption, and liberation from slavery of the flesh and from being ‘under the Law’.

Let Israel’s Pride Fill the Cosmos: A Reformation Correction of Christian Suspicion of Jewish Particularity

Summary This essay is an attempt to exorcise Christian supersessionism. It argues that finding a positive Christian assessment of Jews has been so difficult that the difficulty indicates a basic flaw in the presuppositions behind recent scholarship. Supersessionism has crept into Pauline scholarship, which claims to have overcome old systematic theological concepts, rather blatantly in the New Perspective on Paul and mildly in even the otherwise excellent work of John Barclay. Recent systematic attempts to evaluate Jewishness positively, while technically not supersessionist, overcome Christian supersessionism at the expense of telling Jews how to be Jews. Furthermore, post-supersessionary systematic theology shares many of supersessionism’s presuppositions, including its suspicion of particularity and ethnicity in favor of universalizing concepts. This essay argues that a return to the much-maligned law-gospel distinction of the Reformation offers a path to celebrating Israel’s ethnicity, particularity, and exclusive election by God. Pauline scholarship and post-supersessionary systematic theology both assume that the Torah alone is exclusively for Jews, while the good news of Jesus is inclusive and universal. In contrast this essay argues that the gospel also belongs particularly to the Jews. Though it also blesses particular gentiles, they will remain eternally blessed foreigners.

PENGIMPUTASIAN KEBENARAN KRISTUS: AJARAN ALKITAB ATAU PENALARAN DOGMATIS

Discussions about the meaning of imputation play an important role in the spirtuality of believers. This research attempts to show the meaning of justification in the Christians life of believers as imputation of Christ's truth. The Lord Jesus did not sin at all in his life. So, the truth refers to right behavior or life, not to status. This research examines how the development of thought in the modern age has made significant contributions to Christianity. This view stems from a new approach to Paul's theology, called The New Perspective on Paul. This research shows how faith is a means of imputing that truth. In Romans 4 the truths which are accounted for to the believer are not explained further. But in Philippians 3: 9 and 2 Corinthians 5:21 we find the terms "righteousness of God" and "righteousness which comes from God". These two passages lend support to the dogmatic term iustitia aliena, 'foreign' truth, which does not originate with the believer himself.

Dictionary of Luther and the Lutheran Traditions

SummaryThis dictionary is an outstanding scholarly achievement by 182 experts in their fields. Scholars, pastors and lay-people interested in the common heritage of the Reformation will benefit from 600 easily accessible entries. The historical development of the Lutheran Reformation is addressed under rubrics such as ‘Augustinianism’, ‘Ninety-Five Theses’, ‘Luther’s Breakthrough’ and ‘Peace of Augsburg’. A number of entries explore the impact of the Lutheran movement in sixteenth-century Europe and contain compressed entries on central historical and theological themes such as ‘Pietism’, ‘Theology of the Cross’, ‘Twofold Righteousness’ and ‘Calvinism as a Second Reformation’, but also critical accounts of such topics as ‘Race/Minorities’, ‘Refugees’ and ‘Migration’. There is balanced criticism of the socalled New Perspective on Paul, and good material on Lutheran mission and evangelism. Throughout the volume, the reader encounters edifying traits interwoven into the scholarly presentation. This dictionary is a real gem.RÉSUMÉCe dictionnaire est un ouvrage académique remarquable, réalisé par 182 experts dans leur domaine. Les spécialistes, les pasteurs, et quiconque s’intéresse à l’héritage commun de la Réforme, bénéficieront des quelques six cents articles. L’histoire de la Réforme luthérienne est traitée en diverses rubriques comme l’augustinianisme, les quatrevingt quinze thèses, la rupture luthérienne, et la paix d’Augsbourg. Nombre d’articles explorent l’impact du mouvement luthérien dans l’Europe du seizième siècle et d’autres sont des condensés sur des thèmes historiques et théologiques centraux tels que le piétisme, la théologie de la croix, le calvinisme en tant que seconde réformation. L’ouvrage traite encore de sujets comme les minorités raciales et autres minorités, les réfugiés, les migrations. Il contient une présentation équilibrée de « la nouvelle perspective sur la théologie paulinienne », et un bon apport sur la mission et l’évangélisation dans le luthéranisme. Tout au long de cet ouvrage, le lecteur rencontre des apports édifiants insérés dans les exposés académiques. Ce dictionnaire est réellement une perle.ZusammenfassungDieses Nachschlagewerk stellt eine herausragende wissenschaftliche Errungenschaft dar, verfasst von 182 Experten in ihrem jeweiligen Gebiet. Wissenschaftler, Pastoren und Laien, die an dem weit verbreiteten Erbe der Reformation interessiert sind, werden von den 600 leicht lesbaren Beiträgen profitieren. Die historische Entwicklung der lutherischen Reformation findet sich unter Rubriken wie ,,Augustinianismus“, ,,Fünfundneunzig Thesen“, ,,Luthers Durchbruch“ und ,,Der Friede von Augsburg“. Eine Reihe von Beiträgen erforscht den Einfluss der lutherischen Bewegung im Europa des 16. Jahrhunderts und enthält komprimierte Darstellungen zentraler historischer und theologischer Themen wie ,,Pietismus“, ,,Kreuzestheologie“, ,,Zweifache Gerechtigkeit“ sowie ,,Calvinismus als Zweite Reformation“; darüber hinaus finden sich auch kritische Berichte zu Themen wie ,,Rasse/Minderheiten“, ,,Flüchtlinge“ und ,,Migration“. Ferner gibt es eine ausgewogene Kritik der sogenannten Neuen Perspektive zu Paulus und hilfreiches Material zur lutherischen Mission und Evangelisation. Im gesamten Band trifft der Leser auf erbauliche Züge, die in die wissenschaftliche Darbietung hineingewoben sind. Das Lexikon ist ein wahrer Schatz.

Paul the Philosopher

This essay first situates Paul as a philosopher, or a writer who ‘philosophizes’, within the major developments of Pauline scholarship since 1977. Three trends have led away from a ‘philosophical’ Paul, emphasizing either the ‘inconsistent’ Paul, a ‘social historical’ and ‘cultural anthropological’ Paul, or his Jewishness (either the ‘new perspective’ on Paul or, much more strongly, the ‘radical’ Paul). Three other trends have been more congenial to a ‘philosophical’ Paul by analysing the rhetoric of Paul’s letter writing, the paraenesis of the letters, or directly his affinities with Graeco-Roman philosophy. Neither trend, it is claimed, must be played out against one another. Next, the essay defines a set of criteria for finding ‘philosophy’ in Paul. Finally, it is shown how a number of central Pauline texts fulfil these criteria. Here the topics are three: how Christ believers should live in the present, how they will live in the future, and how Paul himself has entered the world of Christ faith. Two features are further noted that are distinctly characteristic of Paul’s ‘philosophizing’: the anchorage in what God has done to the world at large and what he has done to Paul himself. But these do not suddenly imply that Paul is not doing philosophy.

MERESPONI “NEW PERSPECTIVE ON PAUL"

Sumbangsih gerakan reformasi ternyata tidak hanya mencakup area doktrinal namun juga pembacaan hermeneutis terhadap surat-surat Paulus, khususnya Surat Roma. Cara membaca mereka telah menjadi cara membaca mayoritas orang Kristen sejak jaman mereka. Namun, sejak abad lalu cara membaca yang diwariskan reformator ini mulai digugat keabsahannya. Dimulai dari Krister Stendahl, kritik ini mencapai kulminasinya pada mazhab new perspective yang dimotori oleh orangorang seperti Ed Parish Sanders, James Dunn dan, di kalangan Injili, Nicholas Wright. Tulisan ini akan mencoba menguraikan sejarah dan konsep mendasar dari mazhab new perspective, serta menunjukkan kepada pembaca bahwa meskipun dalam beberapa hal mereka memberikan sumbangsih positif dan kritik konstruktif bagi studi Paulinisme, namun dalam banyak hal, para reformator tetap lebih baik dalam memahami tulisan Paulus.

The External-Relational Shift in Faith (Pistis) in New Testament Research: Romans 1 as Gospel-Allegiance Test Case

Evidence is marshalled for a recent ‘external-relational shift’ in scholarly understandings of pistis (traditionally translated ‘faith’) among New Testament scholars and historians of early Christianity and its social world. There is a movement away from predominantly personal existential accounts of pistis toward those that are relational and outwardly manifest. ‘Faith’ ( pistis) is predominantly a way of life characterized by fidelity or loyalty which is outwardly expressed in relationships. Beyond the New Perspective on Paul, which is an obvious factor, four streams are feeding this shift: (1) the pistis Christou debate, (2) increased appreciation of ancient social and cultural norms, (3) advances in linguistics, and (4) an emphasis on the gospel as a royal proclamation. To show why the external-relational shift matters theologically, Paul’s use of pistis in Romans 1 is explored along external-relational lines.