Erosion of silty sand tailings through a geomembrane defect under filter incompatible conditions

At tailings storage facilities, a geomembrane may be used to contain tailings from relatively more permeable foundation or embankment materials. A “filter incompatible” condition may arise between the tailings and underliner materials. In this study, the potential for piping erosion of tailings through a 1 cm diameter geomembrane defect was evaluated in a series of physical experiments. The geomembrane defect was sandwiched between silty sand tailings and various underliners (DF15/DB85 = 5.6–13.5) not meeting typical retention criteria for filtration. The leakage rates and visual findings revealed that a critical stress condition existed where erosion occurred continuously for up to 24 h. This stress condition could be encountered during early deposition or development of a reclaim pond at a tailings storage facility. When allowed to occur, erosion during this stress condition resulted in subsequent leakage rates that were 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than previously observed with “filter compatible” conditions and higher stresses. Practitioners unaware of this potential for erosion near the defect may significantly underestimate leakage and underpredict pore pressures within the embankment.

REDUCTION OF THE SIMON EFFECT DUE TO A PREVIOUS INCOMPATIBLE PRACTICE

The objective of this work was to investigate whether the influence of the incompatible practice on the Simon effect depends on where it was carried out or whether it is generalized to other sites. In this way, the participants were divided into two groups according to where the incompatible test was performed. Both groups were tested in a Simon task (control condition) in a room (A) that was followed by a spatial compatibility task (incompatible condition) performed in the same room (A) or in another room (B). Finally, the participants again performed Simon's task in room A.

Children Consider Their Own Group to Be More Human Than Other Social Groups

Three studies were conducted to determine whether outgroups were dehumanized through animalization since childhood. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), in Study 1 we found faster reaction times in the compatible condition (ingroup names and human words, outgroup names and animal words), compared with the incompatible condition (ingroup names and animal words, outgroup names and human words). In Study 2, we used a paper-and-pencil design and found that the association between animal-related words and outgroups was more prevalent in comparison to ingroups. The participants of Study 3 selected a larger number of animal-related words to describe the outgroups than their own groups. Results revealed that the tendency to animalize is a process that begins during early childhood.