THE NARRATIVE WORLD OF NATIVE AMERICANS SEEN FROM THE ADAPTATION OF OHIYESA IN BURY MY HEART AT WOUNDED KNEE

Native American narratives are often presented through media presenting native American figures. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (BMHWK) is a non-fiction history-based film that tells the fate of Native Americans against white colonialism. The key figure in the film, Ohiyesa, is an adaptation of Native American figures from the The Indian Boyhood (TIB) written by Charles Eastman. This article reveals the meaning of the character Ohiyesa in the film Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. This research used an adaptation approach. Data obtained from the exploration of the figure of Ohiyesa in TIB and BMHWK. Data analysis was performed by conducting a comparative analysis of Ohiyesa at TIB and BMHWK. The results of the analysis show: (1) Ohiyesa character was adapted and dominantly raised by the name of Charles Eastman, (2) this character revealed the memory of deprivation of Native American culture, (3) the character functioned as an assimilation agent, and voiced the concept of cultural assimilation by white Americans. Ohiyesa was made an assimilation agent by the American government. With a strong presentation through his success through his role as a doctor and lobbyist, the American government offers a new life expectancy to American society, which is a cultural assimilation. Ohiyesa has become a symbol of the helplessness and evaluation of the future of Native Americans.Keywords: ohiyesa, native American, narrative, symbol of the helplessness,DUNIA NARATIF PRIBUMI AMERIKA DILIHAT DARI ADAPTASI OHIYESA DALAM BURY MY HEART AT WOUNDED KNEEAbstrakNarasi terkait pribumi Amerika sering dimainkan melalui media yang menyuguhkan tokoh pribumi Amerika. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (BMHWK) merupakan film berbasis buku historical non fiction yang menceritakan nasib pribumi Amerika melawan kolonialisasi kulit putih. Tokoh kunci dalam film tersebut, Ohiyesa, merupakan adaptasi tokoh pribumi Amerika dari teks The Indian Boyhood (TIB) karya Charles Eastman. Artikel ini mengungkap pemaknaan terhadap tokoh Ohiyesa dalam film Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan adaptasi. Data didapatkan dari eksplorasi tokoh Ohiyesa dalam TIB dan BMHWK. Analisis data dilakukan dengan membandingkan Ohiyesa dalam TIB and BMHWK. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa: (1) Karakter Ohiyesa diadaptasi dan secara dominan dimunculkan dengan nama Charles Eastman, (2) Karakter ini mengungkap mengungkap memori perampasan budaya pribumi Amerika, (3) karakter tersebut difungsikan sebagai agen asimilasi, dan menyuarakan konsep asimilasi budaya oleh kulit putih Amerika. Ohiyesa dijadikan agen asimilasi oleh pemerintah Amerika. Dengan pemaparan kuat melalui keberhasilan dia melalui perannya sebagai dokter sekailgus pelobi parlemen, pemerintah Amerika menawarkan harapan hidup baru kepada pribumi Amerika, yaitu sebuah asimilasi budaya. Ohiyesa telah menjadi simbol dari ketakberdayaan dan gambaran masa depan pribumi Amerika.Kata kunci: Ohiyesa, pribumi Amerika, narasi, simbol ketakberdayaan

THE METROLOGY AND THE BIM APPROACH: A NEW COGNITIVE PARADIGM ABOUT THE ANCIENT CONSTRUCTION

Nowadays, some important issues in the BIM field and research are still open, and are not deeply known and really understood yet by all the BIM users and approaches; unfortunately, this critical situation implies, often, incorrect approaches and ineffective applications, especially using BIM for existing historical building, where the object oriented approach has so many limitations. In fact, the current laser scanning technology can detect just a cloud of points that is considered "non-intelligent" according to the BIM method and meaning. The paper presents an important case study: the Cathedral of Piazza dei Miracoli (Miracles Square) in Pisa. The method we propose consists of an innovative procedure combining in a two-way manner the correspondence levels between metrology and ontology of the constructive components. The paper proves that is not important to obtain the best possible level of modeling performance. We need a specific BIM approach, for “a specific building”, according with “a specific project”. We believe that it is precisely in this capacity of matching between metrological and constructive knowledge (mediated by computer graphics technology) that it is possible to identify the response to an important programmatic indication in the BIM field: "how much BIM?". This sentence was explained by Charles Eastman (recognized worldwide as the father of BIM) during his "lectio magistralis" at the Master BIM of the University of Pisa (www.unibim.it). We guess this is the way to be free from any pre-established intervention standards, and so to be adapting to a specific construction for a specific intervention’s level using specific resources.

The indigenous redemption of liberal universalism

This chapter focuses on the uptake of liberal universalism by indigenous thinkers in the settler societies of Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. It focuses on five thinkers—Peter Jones (Canada), Charles Eastman and Zitkala-Sa (U.S.), Apirana Ngata (New Zealand) and William Cooper (Australia)—who accepted the Christian faith and belief in the perfectability of human beings of their settler overlords. Here, we see the ideas of the colonizers taken up with little revision. Where there was little chance that the colonizers might go away, these figures took up the ideas of the colonisers and sought to show that they held implications for social life much different than the practices currently in existence. They took the principle of human perfectability seriously, by saying that it applied truly universally—to all human societies, their own and the colonizers’ alike. ‘What was important about liberal universalism’, Rowse concludes, ‘was that every branch of humanity, including those that colonized, must be measured against a civilized standard.’

Estudos para automação do projeto a alvenaria racionalizada em plataformas BIM

A presente pesquisa se trata da investigação de caminhos para automação do projeto de alvenaria em sistemas computacionais. Logo se propõe a desenvolver diagramas aplicáveis em plataformas BIM, que permitam a geração automática da paginação de alvenarias racionalizadas em dois tipos de amarração ½ e 1/3. A estratégia de pesquisa utilizada foi o constructive reasearch, tendo como base para o método de notação do comportamento do objeto paramétrico, denominado originalmente de building object behavior (BOB) desenvolvido no período de 2001 a 2004 por pesquisadores Norte Americanos como Chang Lee, Rafael Sacks e Charles Eastman. A pesquisa tem sua importância por contribuir para o desenvolvimento das plataformas BIM, em específico na etapa de projeto, otimizando na produtividade e eficiência. Ao fim da pesquisa foi possível gerar o desenvolvimento dos mesmos, ainda compreender o grau de convergências e divergências existentes entre os mesmos no quesito de diagramas computacionais.

THE INDIGENOUS REDEMPTION OF LIBERAL UNIVERSALISM

Accounts of liberalism as an ideology of European imperialism have argued that when liberals discovered that colonized people were, in various ways, intractable, they questioned and then abandoned the postulated universal human capacity for improvement; the racial and cultural determinants of native “backwardness” seemed stronger than any universal susceptibility to the civilizing projects of liberal imperialism. While the intellectual trajectory of some canonical liberals illustrates this decline in liberal universalism, some colonized intellectuals—while acknowledging distinctions of race and people-hood—adhered to the universalist optimism of liberalism. In pursuit of a global history of liberalism, this essay examines writings by Peter Jones, Charles Eastman, Zitkala-Sa, Apirana Ngata and William Cooper to illustrate a robust indigenous universalism. Drawing on the intellectual heritage of Christianity and universal (or “stadial”) philosophy of history, these intellectuals affirmed emphatically that their people were demonstrating the capacities to be subjects of liberal civilization.