Impact of foreign remittances on school enrolment and educational expenditures in district Peshawar, Pakistan

This study aims to identify the effects of foreign remittances on school enrolment and the educational expenditures of children in the Peshawar district. Primary data were acquired by simple random sampling and a questionnaire. Correspondingly, the logit approach and Heckman selection theory were utilized to examine school enrolment and educational expenses. The marginal effects were evaluated to determine the co-efficient. The study's findings indicate that Per Capita Remittances (PCRM) have a highly substantial and beneficial effect on children's school attendance, with a (10.8%) point increase in school enrolment for every 100 rupees rises in Per Capita Remittances (PCRM). Suppose a household's Per Capita Income (PCIM) improves by one hundred rupees, the probability of children enrolling in school increases by (0.17). The results indicate that PCRM and educational costs per kid are significantly and positively correlated. Educational spending per child increases by 12.01 rupees for every 100 rupees rise in family remittances per capita, whereas every 100 rupees increase in per capita income increases educational expenditure per kid by (8.38 PKR). Which leads to an 8.38 % marginal propensity to spend on child education.

The impact of green finance and Covid-19 on economic development: capital formation and educational expenditure of ASEAN economies

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of green finance (i.e. green investment, green security and green credit) along with capital formation and government educational expenditures on the economic development of (ASEAN) countries.Design/methodology/approachThe data were gathered from the central banks of all ASEAN countries and the World Bank Indicators between 2008 and 2019. The fixed-effect model and generalized method of moments were used to check the nexus between the constructs.FindingsThe results revealed that green finance along with capital formation and government educational expenditures have a positive association with the economic development of ASEAN countries.Research limitations/implicationsThe study carries some limitations, even though it addresses the underlying variables comprehensively. These limitations provide opportunities to future researchers and authors to expand the scope and accuracy of their study. This research investigation has been supported by the data collected from a single source. Though data collection is maintained correctly, it is still recommended to the upcoming scholars to acquire data to reconfirm the same findings using multiple data sources. The data collected from using some specific data source may be limited in scope and may hinder the comprehensive elaboration of the underlying variables and their mutual relationship. Therefore, the utilization of multiple sources of data collection gives data sufficient to meet the requirement of an okay quality research study. The study is about the economies of ASEAN countries. It checks the influences of green finance development on economic activities and the country's economic growth in ASEAN countries' economies. Thus, its results are valid only in the economies of these countries, and this research investigation lacks generalizability. For generalizability, the authors must consider the underlying variables in the world's vast economies. They must adopt a standard scale to judge the impacts of green financial development on economic development. Besides, the study analyzes the economic factors, economic conditions and their effects on the country's position in the world economy in the face of a severe epidemic like COVID-19. Thus, the results may be different in the case of the normal situation. So, a general standardized study is recommended to be conducted in the upcoming days.Originality/valueGreen finance has significant capability to improve the global economy, especially amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. This study is beneficial for policymakers to develop policies related to economic development with reference to green finance and also helps future research on a similar topic.

Psychological Needs, Physiological Needs and Regional Comparison Effects

This paper innovatively constructs a panel extended linear expenditure system (ELES) model including the theory of internal and external habit formation and analyzes the time effect of consumption habits and the regional differences of the comparison effects on rural residents in a variety of consumption expenditures from a temporal and spatial perspective. This research demonstrates the following. Firstly, overall, rural residents have least internal habits in terms of subsistence spending, followed by developmental spending and the most in enjoyment spending. Secondly, China’s rural residents consider the “actual use value” of commodities in “introverted” consumption expenditures; but in “export-oriented” consumption expenditures, besides the “actual use value” of the goods, they also seek to fulfill their “emotional demands”. Thirdly, there is the largest comparison effect on food and housing consumption expenditures for rural residents in coastal economic developed regions, and the smallest comparison effect on clothing, transportation, cultural and educational expenditures. It is the largest comparison effect on clothing and medical care expenditures for rural residents in underdeveloped regions of the central and western, and the smallest comparison effect on food and housing consumption expenditures.

Distributional Effects of Public Educational Expenditures: Empirical Results from Cohort Analysis

This article scanned the empirical analysis of the distributional effects of public education expenditure using Gini coefficient of education based on cross-sectional data across cohorts in Bangladesh. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether education expenditure plays a role as a catalyst to diminish education inequality across the country by increasing years of schooling across levels of education. The Data set proved that overall years of schooling increased while education expenditure increases for a long time having slight fluctuations. Consequently, the Gini coefficient of education gradually increased and the inequality of education getting narrowed down across levels of education. Distributional effects of public expenditure on education across cohorts produced an exceptionally good result indicating positive relationships between years of schooling and the Gini coefficient of education. Despite the achievements of the education sector, the government of Bangladesh has comprehended that in the public sector education, there are substantial numbers of challenges make it tough to get the best outcomes along with quality education and insufficient budget flow across levels of education. This paper tended to uncover education redistributive policy and the existence of inequality in the cohorts across levels of education by estimating the Gini coefficient of education in Bangladesh.

The digital divide at school and at home: A comparison between schools by socioeconomic level across 47 countries

Despite efforts to improve digital access in schools, a persistent digital divide is identified worldwide. Drawing on data from the 2018 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) for 15-year-olds, I examine how students’ digital use for educational purposes (at school and at home) and their perceived digital competence differ between schools by socioeconomic status (SES) and vary across 47 countries. Using multilevel modeling, I find that the second-level digital divide between schools exists even among more developed societies. Students attending high-SES schools are more likely to use computers for schoolwork within and outside of schools, and have more digital competence than those attending low-SES schools. These differences remain substantial and statistically significant even when controlling for school-level resources. Moreover, the between-school digital divide in students’ digital competence is negatively associated with economic development and educational expenditures, and positively associated with income inequality. In conclusion, I discuss implications of the findings and highlight the importance of examining how schools with varying socioeconomic profiles provide different e-learning experiences for individual students, explained by the different institutional settings and cultural features of schools.

Impact of Public Education Expenditures on Economic Wellbeing in Developing Economies

Education can affect economic growth and wellbeing through different channels like by increasing the efficiency of the workforce, reducing inequality, and increasing the knowledge and the innovative capacity of an economy. The key objective of the present research is to explore the impact of public education expenditures on economic wellbeing in developing economies. The present study explored the impact of public education expenditures on economic wellbeing by using panel dataset of 21 developing economies over the period of 1980-2014. Household Final Consumption Expenditure Per Capita was used as a proxy to measure economic wellbeing. The panel estimation technique of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used for the analysis. Research findings revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between education expenditure and economic wellbeing. Economic wellbeing of the society was directly linked with more priority to educational expenditures in public budget. Hence, developing economies should enhance their public spending on education. Keywords: Economics of Education, Public Education Expenditure, Economic Wellbeing, Household Final Consumption Expenditure per Capita, Developing Economies