Bid-Ask Spread on Earnings Management with Good Corporate Governance as Moderation Variables: Banking Sector in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of the bid-ask spread on earnings management and good corporate governance (GCG) as moderating variables. The research method used is a quantitatively descriptive research method that aims to examine the effect of bid-ask spread on the earning management moderated by GCG. The population in this study are banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). In this study, found that the sample was obtained using purposive sampling. So, the model in this study with 102 total samples. The analysis tool used is Warp-PLS 6.0. This study shows that the bid-ask spread significantly influences on earnings management of banking companies on the IDX in the years 2014-2020. GCG cannot the effects of bid-ask spreads on the earnings management of banking companies on the IDX in the years 2014-2020.

Penyebaran Kepemilikan, Likuiditas, dan Nilai Perusahaan: Bukti Dari Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara penyebaran kepemilikan, likuiditas, dan nilai perusahaan menggunakan sampel dari 225 Perusahaan pada kondisi pasar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (“BEI”) sejak 2014 hingga 2019. Penelitian ini menguji penyebaran kepemilikan yang diukur dengan free float, likuiditas sebagai diukur dengan Amihud Illiquidity, nilai perusahaan yang diukur dengan Tobin's Q, dan total aset, rasio laba operasi terhadap harga, rasio leverage keuangan, laba operasi terhadap aset, relative bid-ask spread, turnover, depth, tingkat pengembalian saham, dan tingkat pengembalian aset sebagai variabel kontrol. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel, yang merupakan kombinasi data cross-section dan time-series dari datastream Thomson Reuters. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa free float berhubungan negatif dengan likuiditas saham dan nilai perusahaan sedangkan likuiditas saham berhubungan positif dengan nilai perusahaan. Temuan kami tidak hanya konsisten dengan beberapa penelitian sebelumnya dalam kaitannya dengan penyebaran kepemilikan yang memiliki hubungan negatif antara Tobin's Q dan penyebaran kepemilikan yang berdampak negatif terhadap likuiditas saham, tetapi juga dapat berfungsi sebagai pengingat bagi investor bahwa saham yang likuid mungkin tidak memberikan pengembalian yang positif

The impact of corporate governance performance on the association between information asymmetry and opportunities' optimal levels: evidence from developed markets

PurposePrevious literature posits that corporate governance and information asymmetry are the main factors in making efficient investments. Meanwhile, a growing body of studies is of the opinion that corporate governance can also mitigate the problem of information asymmetry and consequently exerts significant impacts on the association between information asymmetry and investment efficiency. This study aims to analyze the impact of corporate governance and information asymmetry on investment efficiency. It also tests the moderating role of corporate governance in the relationship between information asymmetry and investment efficiency.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consists of 4,082 firms domiciled in 20 developed countries over the years from 2003 to 2019, including 33,812 firm-year observations. The bid–ask spread is used as a proxy for information asymmetry. To measure corporate governance performance, a proxy provided by ASSET4 is employed, and to determine the optimal levels of investments, we relied on the growth opportunity. To estimate the models, ordinary least squares and generalized method of moment are used.FindingsThe results reveal that information asymmetry is inversely related to investment efficiency, and, corporate governance mitigates this negative association.Originality/valueThis paper sheds light on the role of corporate governance in firms as a lever for mitigating information asymmetry and tries out information asymmetry and agency theories in relation to the impact of information asymmetry on investment efficiency. It also confirms the theory stating that corporate governance can be considered as a determinant of investment efficiency.

Electricity Market Liquidity and Price Spikes: Evidence from Hungary

This article examines how electricity market liquidity, renewable production and cross-border activity together in combination explain price spikes in the Hungarian Power Exchange day-ahead auctions. In the applied logit model, the dependent variable representing the price spike is binary, and the key explanatory variable is a modified bid-ask spread depicting liquidity. Weather-dependent renewable production and the difference between exports and imports appear as control variables in the model. The empirical analysis was based on data from 2017 and 2018. The results show that the control variables have no effect on the bid-ask spread and that the model explains 96 per cent of the spikes well, with an AUC-ROC of 0.75 and a Gini coefficient of 0.5. Based on the results, it may be worthwhile for traders to incorporate their data from sales and purchase curves into their forecasts, as this will improve their chances of successfully predicting extreme prices.

The Relation between Intraday Limit Order Book Depth and Spread

Prior studies that examine the relation between market depth and bid–ask spread are often limited to the first level of the limit order book. However, the full limit order book provides important information beyond the first level about the depth and spread, which affects the trading decisions of market participants. This paper examines the intraday behavior of depth and spread in the five-deep limit order book and the relation between depth and spread in a futures market setting. A dummy-variables regression framework is employed and is estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM). Results indicate an inverse U-shaped pattern for depth and an increasing pattern for spread. After controlling for known explanatory factors, an inverse relation between the limit order book depth and spread is documented. The inverse relation holds for depth and spread at individual levels in the limit order book as well. Results indicate that market participants actively manage both the price (spread) and quantity (depth) dimensions of liquidity along the five-deep limit order book.

Pengaruh Faktor Fundamental dan Teknikal terhadap Harga Saham pada Perusahaan Property dan Real Estate Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Harga saham mempunyai nilai penting tersendiri bagi perusahaan, jika harga saham suatu perusahaan tinggi hal ini memberikan kesempatan untuk perusahaan mendapatkan tambahan investasi dari investor dari kenaikan harga sahamnya. Investor dalam berinvestasi memerlukan pertimbangan dengan menganalisi fundamental dan teknikal perusahaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh faktor fundamental (Current Ratio, Earning Per Share, Return On Asset) dan faktor teknikal (Volume perdagangan saham dan Bid ask spread) terhadap harga saham. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitiaan ini adalah metode kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial Current Ratio, Earning Per Share, Return On Asset, dan Volume perdagangan saham memiliki pengaruh dan tidak signifikan terhadap harga saham sedangkan Bid ask spread memiliki pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham. Secara simultan Current Ratio, Earning Per Share, Return On Asset, Volume perdagangan saham dan Bid ask spread bersama-sama berpengaruh dan signifikan terhadap harga saham.

Voluntary disclosure and information asymmetry: do investors in US capital markets care about carbon emission?

Purpose This paper aims to exploit the varying level of responses to the carbon disclosure project (CDP) to assess the economic consequences of carbon emission disclosure by disclosure level. Economic theory suggests that increased disclosures by a firm should lower the information asymmetry component of the firm’s cost of capital. Using CDP disclosures by US firms, the authors study the effect of voluntary carbon emission on the information asymmetry risk in capital markets. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct cross-sectional analyses to examine whether, from the investor perspective, firms with varying CDP disclosure levels experience differential information asymmetric risk. The authors also conduct a pre- and post-disclosure comparison to examine whether the market responds to first-time carbon emission disclosure with decreases in the relative bid-ask spread. Findings In the cross-sectional analysis, the authors find that firms that decline to disclose carbon emission information, firms that provide incomplete information and firms that do not respond to the CDP survey have higher information asymmetry than firms that provide complete information and opt to make it available to the public. Using a pre- and post-disclosure comparison, the authors find that the market responds to first-time carbon emission disclosure with decreases in the relative bid-ask spread. Additionally, only firms that participate, provide complete disclosures and opt to make it available to the public enjoy the largest reduction in bid-ask spreads, which is followed by firms that provide incomplete information. Other firms do not experience a reduction in information asymmetry. Research limitations/implications This study examines the impact of CDP disclosures on information asymmetry using a US sample. The results of the study may not be generalizable to other countries that have different institutional arrangements and settings. Practical implications The study has important social and policy implications. The findings on the role of carbon emission disclosures in reducing information asymmetry in the capital markets suggest the need for policymakers to promote greater carbon emission disclosures in the USA and other countries where such disclosures have been traditionally less emphasized. As to stakeholders, bringing corporate carbon emission disclosure in line with recommended guidelines will require them to exercise more direct stakeholder pressure to encourage firms to fully participate in the CDP project. This is particularly critical in settings of regulatory inaction and weak enforcement with respect to environmental policies and disclosure such as the USA. Social implications The results span the current gap between two broad perspectives on corporate social responsibilities. The traditional shareholder perspective argues that companies only participate in socially responsible activities which increase shareholder value, while an alternate perspective argues that companies also undertake social responsibilities to benefit society even at the cost of shareholders (Moser and Martin, 2012). The study demonstrates that the two perspectives are not always at odds, carbon emission disclosure not only provides important information on the corporate social responsibility of the firm but also contributes to enriching the information environment leading to reduced information asymmetry in the equity markets for US firms. Thus, from both a stakeholder and capital market perspective, firms have incentives to provide carbon emission disclosures voluntarily. More direct stakeholder pressure may be helpful to encourage more firms to provide complete carbon emission information and opt to make it available to the public. Originality/value Few studies investigate the impact of CDP disclosure on the information environment of public companies. The lack of research on this key connection between new disclosures on carbon emissions and information asymmetry in the capital markets is the primary motivation for the paper. The study also provides important insights on disclosure level; just participating in the CDP survey is not enough, the degree of participation is also important. The results of the study suggest that the varying level of disclosure matters, the greatest benefits in terms of reduction of information asymmetry accrue to firms that provide complete information and opt to make it available to the public.

Web-based financial reporting, social media and information asymmetry: the case of Saudi Arabia

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of Web-based financial reporting and social media platforms on the proxies of information asymmetry in the Saudi Stock Exchange. Design/methodology/approach The sample of this paper consists of 133 Saudi listed non-financial companies for the year 2019. Web-based disclosure level was measured using 25 items, and the social media platforms examined in this study are Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. The information asymmetry proxies are measured using the relative spread and the time-weighted average bid-ask spread. Findings The empirical results have shown that there is a negative and significant relation between Web-based financial reporting and the adoption of social media platforms and the proxies of information asymmetry. Indeed, the relative spread and the time-weighted average bid-ask spread decreased with increased Web-based reporting levels. Among three platforms (Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn), the results show that only the use of Twitter as a channel for information disclosure has a negative and significant effect on information asymmetry proxies. Consequently, in the Saudi context, the authors demonstrate that the assumptions of the agency, stewardship and signaling theories are supported. Also, results reveal that the effect of information disclosure through websites and social media on reducing information asymmetry is stronger for large companies than small companies. Practical implications The paper provides new insights into the role played by websites and social media platforms in the reduction of the information asymmetry in the stock market. Consequently, investors and regulatory authorities in the Saudi financial market must give great importance to online information disclosure and its implications for lowering information asymmetry. This empirical study informs regulators in Saudi Arabia to conduct the better practice of Web-based and social media financial reporting and to regulate the current practice of information disclosure. Besides, the obtained results have the potential to convince firms’ managers to improve online information disclosure to benefit from the reduction in information asymmetry. Originality/value Unlike previous studies, this study investigates, simultaneously, the effect of Web-based and social media information disclosure on the proxies of information asymmetry in a developing economy. In addition, the hypotheses of this study are developed based on a set of theories (the agency, signaling and stewardship theories), to verify the applicability of these three theories in the Saudi context.