From a corpus-based to a corpus-driven definition of clefts in Kabyle (Berber): Morphosyntax and prosody

Prosody is often conceived of as an important but surface realization of morphosyntactic constructions that are otherwise deemed complete. This paper challenges that view of prosody as a disambiguating, highlighting or scope-marking device, and provides evidence for the inclusion of prosody as a core formal means for the coding of cleft constructions in Kabyle, in interaction with morphosyntax. The demonstration is conducted through the recursive analysis of an annotated corpus of spontaneous data, and results in a precise formal definition of Kabyle clefts constructions, whose function is shown to be the marking of narrow focus.

FEATURES OF NAMING OF MODERN NON-MOVABLE OBJECTS IN ALMATY

The problem of naming increasingly attracts researchers, which is associated with the manifestation of linguistic creativity of native speakers of a particular language on the one hand, and the reflection of modern processes in the field of naming urban objects, on the other hand. The article is devoted to the analysis of modern names of commercial new buildings in Almaty, which are put into operation from 2021-2022. Of linguistic interest is the trend of naming modern real estate objects, which will reflect the created image of the city through naming. The method of continuous sampling, classification, component analysis, and methods of conceptual and recursive analysis are used to identify the features of naming real estate objects. The article identifies and groups new oikodomonyms, presents their classification, and defines the center and periphery of the semantic space of oikodomonyms in Almaty. Discusses precedent eucommunity.

Expertise and Uncertainty Processing with Nonlinear Scaling and Fuzzy Systems for Automation

Integration of domain expertise and uncertainty processing is increasingly important in automation solutions which rely on data analytics and artificial intelligence. We need a level to assess what is approximately correct. Uncertainties of the inputs are taken into account by using fuzzy numbers as the inputs of different fuzzy and parametric systems. Nonlinear scaling functions (NSFs) integrate these solutions and make them easier to tune. Fuzzy rule-based systems are represented with scaled fuzzy inputs. Membership functions (MFs) can be developed from NSFs and existing MFs can be used in developing NSFs. Fuzzy set systems and linguistic equation (LE) systems become consistent within the limits of detail. In recursive analysis, both meanings and interactions on all levels can be tuned together with genetic algorithms. In applications, the modular overall system consists of similar subsystems, which are normally used, with extensions to fuzzy. The compact fuzzy modules can be developed for specific tasks which are combined within Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). Uncertainty processing is embedded in the recursive analysis. The fuzzy extensions provide a feasible way for the sensitivity analysis of the solution.

The Circulation of Life’s Resources

To conclude the book’ s alternative account of the Athenian politeia, the chapter offers a recursive analysis of the resource flows which made this way of life possible. The result is very different from a conventional modern secular economic analysis. Instead, it treats resource transactions as the lifeblood of a cosmic ecology that united gods, land, and people in a condition of symbiotic interdependency. The most important of all these transactions were those between gods and humans, whereby the latter received secure conditions of existence in exchange for temples, sacrifices, votive treasures, and other often costly ritual offerings. The most important of the resource transactions between humans were marriages, whereby the managerial and reproductive capacities of females were transferred from one household to another, thereby perpetuating the life of the social body. Contrary to the “egalitarian” ethos which moderns believe animated “democratic Athens,” demokratia would also have been unsustainable without the innumerable contributions of resources, material and otherwise, that were made by a relatively small number of super-wealthy Athenian households. And in a polis where members typically worked only for themselves, the existence of these ecologically essential super-wealthy households would have been unsustainable without the routine exploitation of slaves.

Being in a Different World

After summarizing the book’ s alternative recursive analysis of the Athenian politeia, the chapter confronts three possible objections to this new account. First, despite possible appearances to the contrary, this kind of ontological history can in fact accommodate the “messiness” of “real life.” While its primary purpose is to recover the ontological and metaphysical commitments which were presupposed by Athenian demokratia, it is not necessarily contradicted by evidence for conduct that might seem to defy those commitments. Second, nor is this kind of analysis necessarily contradicted by the texts of, say, Plato, Thucydides, or other contemporary intellectuals which seem to offer us very different accounts of Greek “realities.” Such texts represent the thought of only a tiny elite minority, intellectuals who were expressly challenging conventional presuppositions about the givens of existence. And it is those conventional presuppositions which the book is primarily concerned with, since they constituted the “world-making common sense” of the age, the social knowledge that was at once presupposed and reproduced by the most vital life-sustaining practices of the Athenians, the thought which actively helped to make their world whatever it really was at the time. By contrast, elite oppositional claims were merely ideational constructs, mere renegade “worldviews.” Third, while the book’ s ontological history is written in the synchronic mode, treating the classical era as a single extended moment, this does not mean that it is incapable of accounting for change. Indeed, as the chapter shows, it is quite possible to imagine a diachronic ontological history.