Rough Set-Game Theory Information Mining Model Considering Opponents’ Information

In multi-strategy games, the increase in the number of strategies makes it difficult to make a solution. To maintain the competition advantage and obtain maximal profits, one side of the game hopes to predict the opponent’s behavior. Building a model to predict an opponent’s behavior is helpful. In this paper, we propose a rough set-game theory model (RS-GT) considering uncertain information and the opponent’s decision rules. The uncertainty of strategies is obtained based on the rough set method, and an accurate solution is obtained based on game theory from the rough set-game theory model. The players obtain their competitors’ decision rules to predict the opponents’ behavior by mining the information from repeated games in the past. The players determine their strategy to obtain maximum profits by predicting the opponent’s actions, i.e., adopting a first-mover or second-mover strategy to build a favorable situation. The result suggests that the rough set-game theory model helps enterprises avoid unnecessary losses and allows them to obtain greater profits.

Online Platforms and "Depending Work" After Uber

Digitalization is bringing new challenges, including the way how people used to work. The future of work is uncertain. Technology driven innovations are changing the way, how society react to such development by creating different types of jobs and workplaces. What is important today can be redundant tomorrow. Having said that the labour law and civil law will most probably need to react in certain way. The main aim of this paper is to focus on the specific types of activities – such as virtual work or crowd work as well as on relationships between digital platforms, workers, employers and clients while offering and providing services via online platforms. Further the paper will outline the responsibility of online platforms if considered to be in a position of an employer. Due to the lack of compliance with labour laws related duties the online platforms are gaining the unfair competition advantage comparing with "traditional" employer. When it comes to the virtual workers, they can potentially suffer from inadequate or limited access to the certain kind of protection (when compared to the "traditional" employees).

Secreted Salt Increases Reaumuria Soongarica 's Ability to Compete in Grassland Areas

Background: The aim of this study was to identify and explore the community formation mechanism of R. soongarica in the eastern Mongolian Plateau grassland. The experimental site was located in an ancient lake basin with saline soil in a desert steppe. Results: Soil conductivity of R. soongarica was significantly higher than that of the two herbs, S. glareosa and A. polyrhizum, at all soil depths (P ≤ 0.001). The daily salt secretion rate ranged from 1% to 2% of the fresh leaf weight in the different communities and increased with increased soil conductivity. With increased canopy size of R. soongarica, the distance between the shrubs and herbs also increased. The correlation between the R. soongarica canopy diameter and the distance to the nearest S. glareosa (R2 = 0.4065; P < 0.05) was higher than that to the nearest A. polyrhizum (R2 = 0.1256; P < 0.05). The growth of the three species was not salt-dependent; however, R. soongarica was significantly more salt-tolerant than the two herbs. The two herbs significantly limited the growth of R. soongarica seedlings at low soil conductivity (≤ 600 µS/cm), but not at high soil conductivity (≥ 1000 µS/cm). Conclusions: Salt secretion by R. soongarica leaves results in the formation of a “saline island,” which leads to soil conductivity increasing significantly under the canopy of R. soongarica. This increase in soil conductivity of the saline island effectively reduces the interspecies competition advantage of the two herbs. This highlights the competitiveness of R. soongarica in salt-stressed environments and facilitates the establishment of this desert shrub in saline regions on the desert steppe.

The influence of planning on the development of innovation in small and medium enterprises

Innovations are one of the most important factors in the competitiveness of the enterprises in modern business conditions. Innovation is defined as the process of creating new (and differentiated) value for customers in the market, which can create a sustainable competition advantage. The goal of innovation is to create more successful future of the company, but this success does not happen by itself, but a purposeful implementation of the innovation process is required - which requires, in the first place, the planning of all phases and sub-processes.

Strategies for Promoting the Value of Tourist Cultural and Creative Brands Based on Cultural Elements

Tourist cultural and creative brands are the condensation of culture, history, design and commerce. In the collision and blending of culture and commerce, it forms unique competition advantage. The developers of tourist cultural and creative products, based on the cultural core, explore and construct the symbolic meaning, and help tourists to complete the aesthetic journey from viewing to purchasing and then to cultural experience. In the brand strategy, developers should base on the cultural foundation, construct symbolic meaning and cultural image, and implant cultural association into products through traditional cultural inheritance and innovation, so as to arouse consumers’ cultural identity and strengthen the brand value.

The discourse of the edge: marginal advantage, positioning and linguistic entrepreneurship

This contribution discusses some links between the linguistics and the economics of the spirit of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurialism. Whether it is individuals or various social groupings, or even entire societies, a review of policies promoting self-investment in language ability links to a neoliberal economic and political ethos of competition, advantage, meritocracy, innovation and risk-taking; and thereby instantiates an essentially exchange and profit based understanding of communication. The depth and persistence of policy attaching personal and commodified gain to language merges with moral character judgements. I discuss four Asian studies of linguistic entrepreneurship, extracting common elements and differences, and then discuss the project of Asian engagement and language study in Australia. Applying the lens of linguistic entrepreneurship to Australia’s promotion of Asian languages reveals an entire project of national re-formation to foster integration into Asian regional economic and geopolitical arrangements. Much of this national project has been premised on reformulating core purposes of language study around the advantaging of individuals and the nation within an ethos of market competition. Australia’s ambition of national integration into Asia has achieved national consensus, reversing a long history of repudiation of the nation’s Asian geography, yet there are still persisting ideas of orientalism. This is particularly exposed in relation to how Asian Australians’ language skills are treated. Minority language maintenance of Asian languages has been construed as problematic, while Anglo-Australian learners’ acquisition of key trade languages of Asia is celebrated and admired. One result of this is that a considerable part of Australia’s Asia literacy project is in tension with its avowed aim of multiculturalism, which would value all language skills, those of maintenance as much as those of new learning.

Inhibition of Alga Contamination in Open-Culture Under Silicon Stress

Alga contamination was a major problem in microalgae open cultivation. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of silicon on microalgae growth by mixed-culture experiments with four different microalgae. The results showed that under the osmotic pressure caused by high concentration of Na2SiO3, Navicula sp. N6 had a competition advantage of absorbing nutrient compared with the other three microalgae. The impacts (initial pH, nitrogen content, and silicon content) on cell growth and lipid accumulation were investigated by response surface analysis and the biomass and lipid content increased from 1.01 g/L and 10.98% to 1.33 g/L and 20.04% under the optimal conditions, with lipid yield raised from 110.90 mg/L to 266.53 mg/L. Comparison on the growth under optimum and silicon deficiency condition indicated that silicon played an important role on the growth of Navicula sp. N6 and algal contamination in diatom open scale cultivation could be solved by regulating the sodium silicate concentration.

The monopoly leverage theory and tying/ bundling arrangement in intellectual property rights transfer contracts

The exclusive essence and importance of intellectual property rights in production and business provide the owners with a competition advantage, even monopoly power, in the related market. To maximize profit and retain the monopoly position, owners tend to use intellectual property rights as a monopoly leverage to require the transferee to accept the tying arrangement as a condition for the transfer. Monopoly leveraging is defined as the use of monopoly power in one market as leverage to obtain a competitive advantage in a second market. From the perspective of competition law, the theory of leverage is used to explain the cases of businesses abusing market power (monopoly) obtained from intellectual property rights to limit competition. This paper addresses the utilization of monopoly leverage theory to explain the owepractices of tying arrangement in intellectual property rights transfer contracts.

The Prosperity of UAE

Competition between nations is essential in achieving prosperity and economic development. Nations cannot have competitive advantage in all aspects. Some nations enjoy competitive advantage in specialized areas, for example, Switzerland has a competitive advantage in the watches industry, while Italy has competitive advantage in the shoes industry. Competition advantage relates to nation’s productivity, which is explained by nation’s output value per a unit of capital or labor, in a cost effective and efficient manner. Initially economists believed that country’s national resources, labor force, interest rates, as well as currency value are the key determinant of nation’s competitive advantage. This paper presents different aspects of prosperity in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and compare it with that in Saudi Arabia.