Developments on Synthesis and Applications of Sulfobetaine Derivatives: A Brief Review

Zwitterionic polymers are material families characterized by high dipole moment and highly charged groups. Zwitterionic materials simultaneously possess an equimolar number of cationic and anionic moieties, maintaining overall electroneutrality and high hydrophilicity. Zwitterionic is categorized into three groups: phosphobetaine, carboxybetaine, and sulfobetaine that could form dense and stable hydration shells through the strong ion-dipole interaction among water molecules and zwitterions. As a result of their remarkable hydration capability, low interfacial energy, and marvelous antifouling capacities, these materials have been applied as adsorbing agents, biomedical applications, electronics, hydrogels, and antifouling for membrane separation and marine coatings. This review is focused on polysulfobetaine, which contains sulfonate as a negatively charged group, and quaternary ammonium as a positively charged group. Polysulfobetaine is the most promising one to be applied in the industry since it is commercially available and its monomers are easily prepared. The comparisons of several polysulfobetaine derivatives as antimicrobial, antifouling, surfactant and detergents, biomedical and electronic application, surface modification, and smart hydrogel are presented in this review.

Modular Zwitterion-Functionalized Poly(Isopropyl Methacrylate) Polymers for Hosting Luminescent Lead-Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

Inorganic lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are an exciting class of luminescent materials with high defect tolerance and broad spectral tunability, but such NCs are vulnerable to degradation under ambient conditions. Here, we report a class of modular zwitterion-functionalized isopropyl methacrylate polymers designed to stabilize a wide variety of perovskite NCs of different compositions, while also enabling processing in green solvents. Specifically, we report polymers in which the zwitterion spacing is tuned to accommodate the different lattice parameters of CsPb(Cl_1-<i>x</i>Br<i>_x</i>)₃ and CsPbI₃ NCs, and we report partially fluorinated polymers prepared to accommodate the needs of infrared-emitting NCs. We show that as-synthesized CsPbBr₃, CsPbI₃, and Yb³⁺:CsPbCl₃ NCs are easily transferred into these zwitterionic polymers <i>via</i> a simple ligand-exchange procedure. These NC/polymer composites were then cast into thin films that showed substantially improved photoluminescence (PL) and stability compared with more conventional NC/polymer films. Specifically, CsPbBr₃ and CsPbI₃ NCs in films of their appropriately designed polymers had PL quantum yields of ~90% and ~80%, respectively. PL quantum yields decreased under continuous illumination, but self-healed completely after dark storage. We also found that all the NC compositions studied here maintain their PL quantum yields in NC/polymer composite films even after 1 year of ambient storage. These encouraging results demonstrate the utility of such modular zwitterion-functionalized polymers for hosting specific perovskite NCs, potentially opening avenues for robust new photonic applications of this important class of NCs.

Modular Zwitterion-Functionalized Poly(Isopropyl Methacrylate) Polymers for Hosting Luminescent Lead-Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

Inorganic lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are an exciting class of luminescent materials with high defect tolerance and broad spectral tunability, but such NCs are vulnerable to degradation under ambient conditions. Here, we report a class of modular zwitterion-functionalized isopropyl methacrylate polymers designed to stabilize a wide variety of perovskite NCs of different compositions, while also enabling processing in green solvents. Specifically, we report polymers in which the zwitterion spacing is tuned to accommodate the different lattice parameters of CsPb(Cl_1-<i>x</i>Br<i>_x</i>)₃ and CsPbI₃ NCs, and we report partially fluorinated polymers prepared to accommodate the needs of infrared-emitting NCs. We show that as-synthesized CsPbBr₃, CsPbI₃, and Yb³⁺:CsPbCl₃ NCs are easily transferred into these zwitterionic polymers <i>via</i> a simple ligand-exchange procedure. These NC/polymer composites were then cast into thin films that showed substantially improved photoluminescence (PL) and stability compared with more conventional NC/polymer films. Specifically, CsPbBr₃ and CsPbI₃ NCs in films of their appropriately designed polymers had PL quantum yields of ~90% and ~80%, respectively. PL quantum yields decreased under continuous illumination, but self-healed completely after dark storage. We also found that all the NC compositions studied here maintain their PL quantum yields in NC/polymer composite films even after 1 year of ambient storage. These encouraging results demonstrate the utility of such modular zwitterion-functionalized polymers for hosting specific perovskite NCs, potentially opening avenues for robust new photonic applications of this important class of NCs.