Piperazine based Zirconium Oxy-Chloride (PzZrOCl) single crystal: A Third Order Nonlinear Optical material for Opto-electronic Device Applications

Single crystals of Piperazine Zirconium Oxy-Chloride (PzZrOCl) are grown successfully by slow evaporation technique for Opto-electronic device applications. Suitability of the material is estimated and reported as follows. Crystal habits, purity, crystallite size, microstructure and bulk crystals structures are essential parameters for device compatibility hence they were examined with basic characterization techniques and studied to estimate their effects on optoelectronic properties. The outcomes from structural aspects are reasonably good. The functional groups of a molecule, their bond vibration frequencies and mode of alignments have been examined by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The transmittance (98%) in the entire visible range with lowest cut-off wavelength (215 nm) and green emission (545 nm) is another evidence of suitability. The thermal and mechanical strength via hardness, Mayer index, yield strength and elastic stiffness constant is evaluated; it is thermally stable up to 162°C, mechanically strong and belongs to soft category. Laser induced damage is estimated by using Nd:YAG laser of wavelength 1064 nm and the observed values is three times higher than KDP, 1.2 times higher than LAPP. The optical nonlinear nature and its efficiency are examined by using Z-scan technique. The analysis discussed in detailed and the results strongly recommends PzZrOCl single crystals are suitable for optical and electronic device applications.

Investigation on Chemical, Physical and Biological Assets of a Pioneering biomolecule: (2e)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-Ethoxyphenyl)-1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) Prop-2-En-1-One

A chalcone derivative, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-ethoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (HEHP), C17 H16 O4, has been synthesized from the mixture of 4-hydroxyacetophenone (0.05mol) and 4-hydroxy-3-ethoxybenzaldehyde (0.05mol) and by following Claisen-Schmidt reaction mechanism. Three-dimensional molecular structure, orthorhombic crystal system, and Pbca space group for the title compound were elucidated via single crystal XRD spectral study. The appearance of the vibration and absorptions for functional groups were identified using the FT-IR spectrum. 1H and 13CNMR spectra were recorded to recognize the number of unique protons and carbon environments and the best estimation of functionality based on shielding/ deshielding effects. The UV-Visible spectral study gives assistance to appreciate the absorbance and transmittance capabilities of the title molecule while Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the compound indicates the blue light emission in the visible region. Information regarding the endothermic and exothermic processes correlated with the sample was obtained from TG/DTA thermal analysis and the material was found to be stable up to 216°C. Mechanical properties such as the Hardness (HV), Meyer's index (n), Newtonian resistance pressure (W), load independent constant (b) and elastic stiffness constant (Cij) were calculated by performing a Vickers hardness test on the compound and they demonstrate excellent mechanical power. The as-synthesized molecule has been screened for its antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities and observed to exhibit promising activity against various microorganisms

Measurement Modulus of Elasticity Related to the Atomic Density of Planes in Unit Cell of Crystal Lattices

Young’s modulus (E) is one of the most important parameters in the mechanical properties of solid materials. Young’s modulus is proportional to the stress and strain values. There are several experimental and theoretical methods for gaining Young’s modulus values, such as stress–strain curves in compression and tensile tests, electromagnetic-acoustic resonance, ultrasonic pulse echo and density functional theory (DFT) in different basis sets. Apparently, preparing specimens for measuring Young’s modulus through the experimental methods is not convenient and it is time-consuming. In addition, for calculating Young’s modulus values by software, presumptions of data and structures are needed. Therefore, this new method for gaining the Young’s modulus values of crystalline materials is presented. Herein, the new method for calculating Young’s modulus of crystalline materials is extracted by X-ray diffraction. In this study, Young’s modulus values were gained through the arbitrary planes such as random (hkl) in the research. In this study, calculation of Young’s modulus through the relationship between elastic compliances, geometry of the crystal lattice and the planar density of each plane is obtained by X-ray diffraction. Sodium chloride (NaCl) with crystal lattices of FCC was selected as the example. The X-ray diffraction, elastic stiffness constant and elastic compliances values have been chosen by the X’Pert software, literature and experimental measurements, respectively. The elastic stiffness constant and Young’s modulus of NaCl were measured by the ultrasonic technique and, finally, the results were in good agreement with the new method of this study. The aim of the modified Williamson–Hall (W–H) method in the uniform stress deformation model (USDM) utilized in this paper is to provide a new approach of using the W–H equation, so that a least squares technique can be applied to minimize the sources of errors.

Investigation on growth, optical and thermal properties of stilbazolium derivative crystal: 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methylstilbazolium 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate

Metathesis ionic exchange reaction process was used to synthesize a novel nonlinear optical material: 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′- N′-methylstilbazolium 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate (DSDMS). The growth of DSDMS single crystals was carried out by adopting the solution growth technique. The crystal perfection and lattice parameters were elucidated from single XRD and powder XRD, respectively and its morphology was interpreted by WinXMorph program. FT-IR and Raman spectral analyses confirmed the existence of functional groups and their corresponding vibrational modes. UV-Vis spectral studies revealed the optical transmission region. Mechanical stability of the crystal was determined from Vickers microhardness number Hv, Meyer’s index n and elastic stiffness constant C11. Dielectric and thermal behavior of the grown crystal were elucidated by using impedance analyser and thermogravimetric analysis.

Synthesis, growth mechanism and physical properties of vapour-deposited GaTe platelets

The physical vapour deposition (PVD) method has been employed to yield gallium telluride (GaTe) platelets. The morphology and growth mechanism of these platelets were investigated with the aid of scanning electron micrographs. The stoichiometry and homogeneity of the grown samples were confirmed by chemical analysis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique has been used to explore the structure and phase of the compound. On the basis of the Archimedes principle, the density of crystals was estimated to be 5.442 kg mm−3. The resistivity and conductivity type were determined by the van der Pauw method. UV–vis–NIR studies revealed a direct transition with an energy gap of 1.69 eV. Mechanical properties such as microhardness, toughness, Young's modulus and elastic stiffness constant of GaTe crystals in response to the stress field due to an external load were studied to realize their suitability for radiation detector applications. The present observations provide an insight into the physical properties of the vapour-grown GaTe platelets, which are found to be superior over their melt counterparts.

Mechanical Studies of Nonlinear Optical γ-Glycine Single Crystal Grown in the Presence of Lithium Nitrate

Single Crystal of γ-glycine lithium nitrate with non-linear optical material have been grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature. Structural and Crystalline nature of the grown γ-glycine lithium nitrate crystal was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction technique. UV-Visible transmittance study was performed to analyze optical transparency of γ-glycine crystal and found that the crystal was transparent in the entire visible region. The mechanical properties of the grown crystal was subjected to Vickers hardness test and the Brittleness index (Bi), Fracture toughness (Kc), Elastic stiffness constant (C11) were estimated.

The Effect of Secondary Piezoelectric Effect on the Measuring Precision of Quartz Dynamometers

People apply quartz dynamometers to measure of milling force extensively. It is mainly made from piezoelectric quartz sensor. In this paper, the theory of the secondary piezoelectric effect is deduced by four kinds of piezoelectric equations. With the measuring the quartz stack secondary piezoelectric effect is verified. By theory and experiment we can show that the secondary piezoelectric effect makes elastic compliance constant of piezoelectric quartz smaller and do elastic stiffness constant of piezoelectric quartz bigger. Obviously, the secondary piezoelectric effect will have direct effect on the measuring precision of quartz dynamometers. So the investigations of secondary piezoelectric effect contribute to improving measuring precision of piezoelectric dynamometers.

Viscoelastic properties of pressure overload hypertrophied myocardium: effect of serine protease treatment

To determine whether and to what extent one component of the extracellular matrix, fibrillar collagen, contributes causally to abnormalities in viscoelasticity, collagen was acutely degraded by activation of endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with the serine protease plasmin. Papillary muscles were isolated from normal cats and cats with right ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy (POH) induced by pulmonary artery banding. Plasmin treatment caused MMP activation, collagen degradation, decreased the elastic stiffness constant, and decreased the viscosity constant in both normal and POH muscles. Thus, whereas many mechanisms may contribute to the abnormalities in myocardial viscoelasticity in the POH myocardium, changes in fibrillar collagen appear to play a predominant role.

Ideal Cleavage Fracture of Transition-Metal Silicides: A Comparison Analysis

ABSTRACTA simple empirical model for the ideal cleavage energy, resulting from a rigid-body separation, is proposed in terms of four variables, viz., the elastic stiffness constant, the interplanar spacing, and two adjustable length parameters. The ratio of these parameters is assessed based on the available results of ab-initio slab-supercell calculations. Ideal cleavage energies and stress intensity factors of transition-metal silicides are estimated, and the available fracture toughness data are discussed.