Modeling of Climatic Records for the Province of Villa Clara, Cuba

The objective of this work is to model the extreme temperature climatic records of Villa Clara Cuba and see if there is a trend in them, in addition the variable date on which they occurred was modeled, with the help of the Regressive Objective Regression (ROR). A database from 1966 to 2020 of the 4 weather stations with the account of the province of Villa Clara is used. The explained variance of the models is 100% for the maximum temperature and 99.8 for the minimum with errors of 0.58 and 1.4ºC. You can estimate the graphs for the maximum temperature as for the minimum with the predicted values ​​and the errors that the model commits. The trend for the date of the maximum trend is negative while for the minimum it is positive. The records depend on the temperature returned in 1 month (LAG1T) and the temperature returned in 12 months (LAG12T), both for the maximum TX and for the minimum TN, as well as the station value. The correlations between the actual and predicted value for the maximum and minimum temperature records and for the date models are high, greater than 90% and 99% variable.

Reconstructing Late Pleistocene paleoclimate at the scale of human behavior: an example from the Neandertal occupation of La Ferrassie (France)

Exploring the role of changing climates in human evolution is currently impeded by a scarcity of climatic information at the same temporal scale as the human behaviors documented in archaeological sites. This is mainly caused by high uncertainties in the chronometric dates used to correlate long-term climatic records with archaeological deposits. One solution is to generate climatic data directly from archaeological materials representing human behavior. Here we use oxygen isotope measurements of Bos/Bison tooth enamel to reconstruct summer and winter temperatures in the Late Pleistocene when Neandertals were using the site of La Ferrassie. Our results indicate that, despite the generally cold conditions of the broader period and despite direct evidence for cold features in certain sediments at the site, Neandertals used the site predominantly when climatic conditions were mild, similar to conditions in modern day France. We suggest that due to millennial scale climate variability, the periods of human activity and their climatic characteristics may not be representative of average conditions inferred from chronological correlations with long-term climatic records. These results highlight the importance of using direct routes, such as the high-resolution archives in tooth enamel from anthropogenically accumulated faunal assemblages, to establish climatic conditions at a human scale.

Sedimentology, paleohydrology and geo-archaeology of southeastern Arabia during the Late Pleistocene and its implications for modern human dispersal Out of Africa

<p>The paleohydrology and geomorphology of southeastern Arabia after 130 ka suggests complex climatic records in the area considered a potential route for human dispersal Out of Africa. Understanding the past hydrological systems is essential to relate the lithic assemblages at the surface to a habitable environment. Climatic records such as speleothems can in combination to sedimentological evidence provide crucial data on the potential formation and persistence of paleo-water bodies and human livelihood.  The transition of a more humid period in the past to the presently harsh environment of southeastern Arabia and its relationship with human occupation is one long-term focus of this project. The information on timing, permanency and depth of these paleo-water bodies in Central and Southern Oman are yet lacking.</p><p>An initial geo-archaeological investigation has been carried out in south-central Oman (al-Wusṭā Governorate) and southern Oman (Ẓufār Governorate) as part of TSMO (Trilith Stone Monuments of Oman) archaeological expedition During TSMO field campaign. The OSL samples were collected from fluvial, colluvial and valley sediments in the main study area of al-Duqm, south-central Oman, and the reference area of Mudayy, south of Oman in Ẓufār. At both locations we logged several sediment profiles that mainly consist of well-rounded boulders, imbricated gravels and coarse-grained sediments intercalated with sporadic sand lenses. The sediments suggest fluvial transport in a perennial river and differ significantly from today’s ubiquitous angular Wadi-sediments. At both locations we found reddish sediment that might originate from fluvially reworked soil and would indicate not only the presence of water but also enough moisture to facilitate soil forming processes. Preliminary XRD scans from samples in Ẓufār identified calcite, quartz, feldspar and the sheet silicates illite and kaolinite. The clay fraction of this material has been separated and analyzed to determine the exact minerals that might be typical for soil formation in the B-horizon. Sediments in the Mudayy area are – similarly to al-Duqm - composed of river sediments with well-rounded imbricated gravels but in contrast to further north, they are covered by aeolian (loess) sediments. This captures the transition of fluvial deposition to aeolian deposition and thus a transition of the environmental setting during the time of formation. The Mudayy area in southern Oman is associated with Middle Paleolithic lithic tools of Levallios/Nubian complex technology as well as early-middle Holocene stone tools. The main research area of al-Duqm revealed several new Middle Palaeolithic sites with preferential Levallois facie with some influence of Nubian complex suggesting the landscape with favorable local environmental conditions, forming a possible human refugium between the harsh northern and southern borderlands. The understanding of Quaternary geomorphic, sediment and erosion processes, paleoclimate reconstruction, techno-typological analysis of lithic tools and cosmogenic nuclide dating of the raw material procurement sites in al-Duqm can shed more light on occupation and movement of human population on Arabian Peninsula during the Late Pleistocene.</p>

PSXII-10 Voluntary water intake of calves and fattening Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets

The objective of the present study was to obtain voluntary water intake equations of calves and fattening bulls raised under Mediterranean conditions. Two data sets were created. Calves data set had a total of 283 records (from 25 to 80 d of age and 54 to 102 kg of BW) summarized weekly from 20 studies (108 calves in each study). Mean records were: milk water intake (2.8 ± 1.00 L), drinker water intake (4.3 ± 3.49 L), concentrate intake (1.5 ± 0.86 kg), straw intake (0.1 ± 0.04 kg). Mean climatic records were: mean, maximum and minimum temperature were 15.6 ± 7.75 ºC, 22.1 ± 9.30 ºC, and 9.9 ± 6.56 ºC, respectively, and mean humidity and THI were 62.4 ± 15.72% and 58.9 ± 11.11%, respectively. Fattening bulls data set had a total of 304 records (from 120 to 330 d of age and 150 to 475 kg of BW) summarized daily from 4 studies (145 bulls in each study). Mean records were: drinker water intake (20.4 ± 6.99 L), concentrate intake (7.6 ± 1.32 kg), and straw intake (1.1 ± 0.04 kg). Mean climatic records were: mean, maximum and minimum temperature were 11.6 ± 7.59 ºC, 18.8 ± 8.53 ºC, and 4.5 ± 6.27 ºC, respectively, and mean humidity and THI were 73.5 ± 11.81% and 52.9 ± 11.72%, respectively. A meta-analyses was conducted and following water intake equations were obtained: calves (R2= 0.76, P < 0,01), water intake (L/day) = -5,32 + 2,99 x concentrate intake (kg as fed/d) + 0,23 x maximum daily temperature (º C), and in fattening bulls (R2= 0.54, P < 0,01) water intake (L/day) = -8,98 + 0,06 x BW (kg) + 0.41 x maximum daily temperature (º C) + 0.01 (maximum daily temperature (º C)2.